Human Structure 1.5
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| What 2 types of tomes make of somite? | sclerotome and ddermamyotome
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| What does sclerotome form? | axial skeleton
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| What does dermatome make? | dermis
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| What does myotome make? | skeletal muscle
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| Where does appendicular skelton come from? | lateral plate mesoderm
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| What is epaxial or Epimere? | dorsal
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| What is hypaxial or hypomere? | MM of body wall
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| When does the upper limb appear? Lower limb? | mid 4th; end 4th
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| What roots does the upper limb form from? Lowe limb? | C5-T1; and L1-S3
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| What does somatic mesoderm form? | connective tissue and skeleton
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| During formation which direction does the upper limb rotate? Lower limb? | laterally; medially
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| When does the cartilage model occur? | 5-7 weeks
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| When does primary center of ossification begin? | 7th week
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| When does secondary center of ossification begin? | after birth
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| What is located on the distal end of the limb? | Apical Ectodermal Ridge [AER]
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| What does the Apical Ectodermal Ridge do? | produces growth factors causing proliferation
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| What induces the Apical Ectodermal Ridge? | mesenchyme below it
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| Where does the limb begin to differentiate? | proximally, but grows distally
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| When does proximal distal growth occur? | 6-8 weeks
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| How does digit formation occur? | lose Apical Ectodermal Ridge between the digits and instead BMPs, retinoic acid receptor B, and Msx-1 are expressed in the interdigital mesodermal cells
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| What is syndactyly? | cell death does not occur ininterdigital zone
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| What Hox mutation causes syndactly? | HoxD13
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| What is polydactyly? | additional digits
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| What regulates the Apical Ectodermal Ridge? | Fgf and Wnt signaling and the underlying mesenchyme; Hox genes also affect temporal and spatial development in proximal-distal growth
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| What is phocomelia? What could cause? | distal portion of limb attached to trunk; thalidolide
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| What is amelia? | no limbs
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| What is meromelia? What could cause? | partial absense of limb; thalidolide or amniotic bands
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| What is cleft hand? | lobsesr-claw hand, congenital disorder in which development of hand is disturbed
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| What induces sonic hedge hog? | retinoic acid
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| What induces the zone of polarizing activity? | Retinoic Acid and SHH
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| Where is the zone of polarizing activity? | posterior margin of limb bud and regulates cranial-caudal growth; it determines the little finger
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| What kind of relationship does SHH and retinoic acid have? | synergistic
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| What regualtes dorsal ventral axis? | Lmx1b from dorsal mesenchyme regulates Wnt7a which is expressedned in dorsal ectoderm.
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| What is Nail Patella Syndrome? | mutation in LMX1B so there is no dorsal side of hand or knee
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| What is the region of future joints? | interzonal mesenchyme which is avascular mesenchyme between adjacent skeletal elements. It will develop into articular cartilage and gives rise to menisci, joints, synovial cavities
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| What is somitic mesoderm? | formed from paraxial mesoderm and later forms ALL skeletal Muscle
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| If you have LMX1B what side do you get? | dorsal
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| what is mesenchyme? | loose connective tissue derived mostly from mesoderm
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| The anterior division of the trunks contributes to which muscle mass? | ventral muscle mass; flexor/adductor
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| The posterior division of the trunks contributes to which muscle mass? | dorsal muscle mass; extensor/abductor
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| Hox genes help in what kind of limb development? | temporal and spatial expression
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| What are 2 Mutations due to growth restictions? | Club Foot- Abnormal intrauterine position causes defomity of talus of ankle; Simian Crease- Growth restiction in utero e.g. twins
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| When a preganglionic neuron synapses on the adrenal emdulla, what is released? | epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| What part of the NS is the adrenal medulla in? | sympathetic
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| Where does parasympathetic system go? | never reaches limbs or body wall except for external genitalia
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| Where does the sympathetic system go? | everywhere becasuse of vascular smooth muscle
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| Name some places where sypathetic innervate? | adrenal medulla, sweat glands in skin, arrector MM of hair, ALL vascular smooth M, organs of head, neck, trunk, and external genitalia
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| What is Vasomotor tone or sympathetic tone? | is a baseline firing frequency; constant level of nervous stimulation; resting level of contraction
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| What happens if you increase sympathetic tone firing frequency? | vasoconstriction
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| What happens ifyou decrease sympathetic tone firing frequency? | vasodialtion
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| Colorectal cancer risks damage to what which would cause what? | pelvic splanchnics at risk; damage to bladder and secual dysfunction
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| What is referred pain? | pain originiatng ina visceral structure but perceived as being from an area of skin innervated by the same segmental level as the visceral fferent; due to cross talk in spinal cord
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| What is the primary controller of the autonomic nervous system? | hypothalamus
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| What does the limbic system control? | emotions
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| What does the brain stem control? | unconscious things; blood presure, pupil, swallowing
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| What does spinal cord control? | erection, ejaculation, urination, defication
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| What is Raynaud's disease? | constriction of blood vessels, provoked by cold and stress, causes to have very cold hands;; hyperstimulation of sympathetics; exageration of vasomotor response
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| What can cause high blood pressure? | hypertension- overactive sypathetic causing vasoconstriction
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| What is achalasia of the cardia? | defect in the autonomic innervation fo the esophagus; defect in innervation of sphincter; not able to relax the sphincter and not able to move food down into the stomach; difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, chest pain
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