Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Human Structure 1.5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What 2 types of tomes make of somite? | sclerotome and ddermamyotome |
| What does sclerotome form? | axial skeleton |
| What does dermatome make? | dermis |
| What does myotome make? | skeletal muscle |
| Where does appendicular skelton come from? | lateral plate mesoderm |
| What is epaxial or Epimere? | dorsal |
| What is hypaxial or hypomere? | MM of body wall |
| When does the upper limb appear? Lower limb? | mid 4th; end 4th |
| What roots does the upper limb form from? Lowe limb? | C5-T1; and L1-S3 |
| What does somatic mesoderm form? | connective tissue and skeleton |
| During formation which direction does the upper limb rotate? Lower limb? | laterally; medially |
| When does the cartilage model occur? | 5-7 weeks |
| When does primary center of ossification begin? | 7th week |
| When does secondary center of ossification begin? | after birth |
| What is located on the distal end of the limb? | Apical Ectodermal Ridge [AER] |
| What does the Apical Ectodermal Ridge do? | produces growth factors causing proliferation |
| What induces the Apical Ectodermal Ridge? | mesenchyme below it |
| Where does the limb begin to differentiate? | proximally, but grows distally |
| When does proximal distal growth occur? | 6-8 weeks |
| How does digit formation occur? | lose Apical Ectodermal Ridge between the digits and instead BMPs, retinoic acid receptor B, and Msx-1 are expressed in the interdigital mesodermal cells |
| What is syndactyly? | cell death does not occur ininterdigital zone |
| What Hox mutation causes syndactly? | HoxD13 |
| What is polydactyly? | additional digits |
| What regulates the Apical Ectodermal Ridge? | Fgf and Wnt signaling and the underlying mesenchyme; Hox genes also affect temporal and spatial development in proximal-distal growth |
| What is phocomelia? What could cause? | distal portion of limb attached to trunk; thalidolide |
| What is amelia? | no limbs |
| What is meromelia? What could cause? | partial absense of limb; thalidolide or amniotic bands |
| What is cleft hand? | lobsesr-claw hand, congenital disorder in which development of hand is disturbed |
| What induces sonic hedge hog? | retinoic acid |
| What induces the zone of polarizing activity? | Retinoic Acid and SHH |
| Where is the zone of polarizing activity? | posterior margin of limb bud and regulates cranial-caudal growth; it determines the little finger |
| What kind of relationship does SHH and retinoic acid have? | synergistic |
| What regualtes dorsal ventral axis? | Lmx1b from dorsal mesenchyme regulates Wnt7a which is expressedned in dorsal ectoderm. |
| What is Nail Patella Syndrome? | mutation in LMX1B so there is no dorsal side of hand or knee |
| What is the region of future joints? | interzonal mesenchyme which is avascular mesenchyme between adjacent skeletal elements. It will develop into articular cartilage and gives rise to menisci, joints, synovial cavities |
| What is somitic mesoderm? | formed from paraxial mesoderm and later forms ALL skeletal Muscle |
| If you have LMX1B what side do you get? | dorsal |
| what is mesenchyme? | loose connective tissue derived mostly from mesoderm |
| The anterior division of the trunks contributes to which muscle mass? | ventral muscle mass; flexor/adductor |
| The posterior division of the trunks contributes to which muscle mass? | dorsal muscle mass; extensor/abductor |
| Hox genes help in what kind of limb development? | temporal and spatial expression |
| What are 2 Mutations due to growth restictions? | Club Foot- Abnormal intrauterine position causes defomity of talus of ankle; Simian Crease- Growth restiction in utero e.g. twins |
| When a preganglionic neuron synapses on the adrenal emdulla, what is released? | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| What part of the NS is the adrenal medulla in? | sympathetic |
| Where does parasympathetic system go? | never reaches limbs or body wall except for external genitalia |
| Where does the sympathetic system go? | everywhere becasuse of vascular smooth muscle |
| Name some places where sypathetic innervate? | adrenal medulla, sweat glands in skin, arrector MM of hair, ALL vascular smooth M, organs of head, neck, trunk, and external genitalia |
| What is Vasomotor tone or sympathetic tone? | is a baseline firing frequency; constant level of nervous stimulation; resting level of contraction |
| What happens if you increase sympathetic tone firing frequency? | vasoconstriction |
| What happens ifyou decrease sympathetic tone firing frequency? | vasodialtion |
| Colorectal cancer risks damage to what which would cause what? | pelvic splanchnics at risk; damage to bladder and secual dysfunction |
| What is referred pain? | pain originiatng ina visceral structure but perceived as being from an area of skin innervated by the same segmental level as the visceral fferent; due to cross talk in spinal cord |
| What is the primary controller of the autonomic nervous system? | hypothalamus |
| What does the limbic system control? | emotions |
| What does the brain stem control? | unconscious things; blood presure, pupil, swallowing |
| What does spinal cord control? | erection, ejaculation, urination, defication |
| What is Raynaud's disease? | constriction of blood vessels, provoked by cold and stress, causes to have very cold hands;; hyperstimulation of sympathetics; exageration of vasomotor response |
| What can cause high blood pressure? | hypertension- overactive sypathetic causing vasoconstriction |
| What is achalasia of the cardia? | defect in the autonomic innervation fo the esophagus; defect in innervation of sphincter; not able to relax the sphincter and not able to move food down into the stomach; difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, chest pain |
Created by:
TJACKS11
Popular Anatomy sets