Herlihy-Chapter 15
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| hematology, hematuria, hematocrit, and hemostasis all refer to | blood
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| hemopoiesis, erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis all refer to | blood cell formation
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| to what does the common word part refere--phlebothrombosis, thrombus, thrombocyte, and thrombolytic | blood clot
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| to what does leukocytosis and leukopenia refer | amounts of white blood cells
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| the words uremia, hyperglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and bacteremia all refer to | substances in the blood
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| albumin is | plasma proteing that helps regulate plasma osmotic pressure, thereby "holding" water within the blood vessels; responsible for oncotic pressure
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| Anemia is | a condition characterized by abnormally low amounts of hemoglobin or low numbers of red blood cells
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| Basophils | type of granular leukocyte; stains blue
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| Coagulation | clotting of blood
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| Eosinophil | type of granular leukocyte; stains red
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| Erythrocytes | red blood cell
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| Erythropoietin | hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells
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| Fibrin | protein strands formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen; the clot
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| Hematocrit-(packed cell volume) | laboratory test that expresses the percentage of red blood cells present in a volume of blood
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| Hemopoiesis- | production of blood cells
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| hemoglobin | iron containing protein in the red blood cell can take up and release oxygen; also transports carbon dioxide
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| hemolysis | breakdown of erythrocytes
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| hemostasis | the stopping of blood loss
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| leukocytes | white blood cell; functions primarily to defend the body against infection
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| lymphocytes | agranular leukocyte; there are T and B lymphocytes
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| monocytes | agranualar phagocytic leukocyte that can become a macrophage
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| neutrophil | granular, motile, and highly phagocytic leukocyte
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| plasma | the yellow liquid portion of blood
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| platelet | a fragment of megakaryocyte that functions in hemostasis; also called a thrombocyte
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| red blood cells | blood cell that contains mostly hemoglobin; an erythrocyte
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| reticulocyte | immature red blood cell
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| serum | blood plasma minus the clotting factor
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| thrombocytes | aka platelets; a fragment of a megakaryocyte that functions in hemostasis
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| white blood cells | aka leukocyte-functions primarily to defend the body against infection
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| differential white blood cell count | a lab test that indicates the percentage of each type of white blood cells
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| intrinsic factor | protein secreted by the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12
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| hematology | the study of blood
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| viscosity | the thickness or stickiness of the blood and affects the ease with which blood flows through the blood vessels
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| myeloid hemopoiesis | blood formation in the red bone marrow
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| lymphoid hemopoiesis | blood formation in the lymphatic organs
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| stem cell | cell in which blood cells originate from
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| myelosuppression | bone marrow depression
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| leukopenia | a deficiency of wbc caused by myelosuppression
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| thrombocytopenia | condition resulting from depressed bone marrow which produces inadequate numbers of platelets
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| phlebotomy | process of removal of blood
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| erythropoiesis | the production of rbc
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| anisocytosis | unequal sized rbc
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| poikilocytosis | irregualarly shaped rbc
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| oxyhemoglobin | oxygenated hemoglobin
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| carbaminohemoglobin | CO2 hemoglobin complex
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| cyanosis | blue coloration
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| hypoxemia | deficiency of oxygen in the blood
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| iron deficiency anemia | inadequate hemoglobin synthesis resulting from an iron deficient diet
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| folic acid deficiency anemia | inadequate hemoglobin synthesis resulting from a deficiency of folic acid
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| pernicious anemia | a form of anemia that results from the failure to absorb vitamin B12 due to inadequate secretion of intrinsic factor
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| anemia of chronic renal (kidney)failure | type of anemia resulting from declining kidney function from failure to produce enough erythropoietin
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| hemolytic anemia | a condition resulting when the rbc's are broken down very rapidly and exceed the rate of rbc replacement
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| jaundice | a yellow hue to the skin and eyes caused by an increase in bilirubin level in the blood
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| phagocytosis | eating of pathogens or cellular debris
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| leukocytosis | increase in the numbers of wbc's
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| leucopoiesis | process of wbc prodution
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| granulocytes | granules
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| agranulocytes | no granules
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| pus | a collection of dead neutrophils, parts of cells, and fluids that are left behind at the site of infection after the battle between the neutrophils and pathogens
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| abscess | localized collection of pus in any body part that results from invasion of a pyogenic bacterium or other pathogen
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| polymorphonuclear leukocytes | PMS's, polys, polymorphs-------neutrophils
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| segs | another name for mature neutrophils
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| band cell/staff cells/stab cells | the immature neutrophils
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| lymphocytes | produced in the red bone marrow and play an important role in the body's immune response
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| monocytes | type of agranulocyte that is phagocytotic
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| macrophagees | enlarged monocyte that eats foreign material; big eater
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| wandering macrophage | macrophages that wander about the body, patrolling for pathogens and cleaning up the debris
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| fixed macrophages | macrophages that reside in a particular organ that phagocytose pathogens
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| Thrombopoiesis | the production of the platelet
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| Petechiae | little pin-point hemorrhages under the skin, and abnormal, potentially lethal bleeding episodes
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| Complete blood count (CBC) | a lab test that provides the normal range of the numbers of RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets (the normal hemoglobin/hgb content of the RBC, the normal hct/hematocrit, and the percentage of reticulocytes, on WBC’s the test indicates the % of each type of WBC)
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| Complete blood count (CBC) | a lab test that provides the normal range of the numbers of RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets (the normal hemoglobin/hgb content of the RBC, the normal hct/hematocrit, and the percentage of reticulocytes, on WBC’s the test indicates the % of each type of WBC)
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| Vascular spasm | when the blood vessel is injured and the smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall responds by contracting
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| Vascular spasm | when the blood vessel is injured and the smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall responds by contracting
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| Prothrombin activator (PTA) | any one of the substances in the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways of coagulation
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| Platelet plug | the plug formed when the platelets become sticky and adhere to the inner lining of the injured blood vessel and to each other
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| Prothrombin | A protein present in blood plasma that is converted into active thrombin during coagulation
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| Thrombin | an enzyme that is present in the blood. It causes our blood to clot it we suffer an injury like a cut
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| Prothrombin activator (PTA) | any one of the substances in the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways of coagulation
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| Fibrinogen | A soluble protein present in blood plasma, from which fibrin is produced by the action of the enzyme thrombin
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| Prothrombin | A protein present in blood plasma that is converted into active thrombin during coagulation
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| Thrombin | an enzyme that is present in the blood. It causes our blood to clot it we suffer an injury like a cut
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| Fibrinogen | A soluble protein present in blood plasma, from which fibrin is produced by the action of the enzyme thrombin
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| Heparin | A compound in the liver and other tissues that inhibits blood coagulation
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| Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | a condition in which a clot in the deep veins of the legs gives rises to an embolus that travels to the vessels of the lungs where it blocks blood flow often causing instant death
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| Mast cells | basophils that are concentrated in and around the liver and lungs
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| Hypoprothrombineamia | a diminished amount of prothrombin in the blood
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| Thrombus | a blood clot
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| Clot retraction | the process of the clot becoming smaller as water is squeezed out
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| Embolus | a traveling blood clot
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| Fibrinolysis | the process of the dissolving of a clot
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| Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | a condition in which a clot in the deep veins of the legs gives rises to an embolus that travels to the vessels of the lungs where it blocks blood flow often causing instant death
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| Plasmin | substance that dissolves clots
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| Hypoprothrombineamia | a diminished amount of prothrombin in the blood
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| Plasminogen | The inactive precursor of the enzyme plasmin, present in blood
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| Clot retraction | the process of the clot becoming smaller as water is squeezed out
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| Fibrinolysis | the process of the dissolving of a clot
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| Plasmin | substance that dissolves clots
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| Plasminogen | The inactive precursor of the enzyme plasmin, present in blood
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| Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) | is a protein involved in the breakdown of blood clots (utilized in stroke victims)
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| ABO grouping | group of four blood types (A, B, AB, and O)
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| Hemolytic blood transfusion reactions |
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| Antibodies | A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen
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| Universal donor | a blood donor that can donate to all blood types
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| Agglutination | the clumping of the antigen-antibody interaction
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| Universal recipient | a blood recipient that may receive all blood type donations
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| Compatible blood groups | blood groups that can donate to each other with no ill consequences
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| Incompatible blood groups | blood groups that cannot donate to each other due to ill consequences from the mixing of the blood groups
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| Erythroblastosis fetalis | is an alloimmune condition that develops in a fetus, when the IgG molecules (one of the five main types of antibodies) produced by the mother pass through the placenta
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| Universal donor | a blood donor that can donate to all blood types
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| Erythroblastosis fetalis | antibodies are some which attack the red blood cells in the fetal circulation; the red cells are broken down and the fetus can develop reticulocytosis and anemia
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| Universal recipient | a blood recipient that may receive all blood type donations
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| Erythroblastosis fetalis | This fetal disease ranges from mild to very severe, and fetal death from heart failure (hydrops fetalis) can occur.
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| Erythroblastosis fetalis- | Hemolytic disease of the newborn, also known as hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, HDN, HDFN, or erythroblastosis fetalis,
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| Erythroblastosis fetalis | When the disease is moderate or severe, many erythroblasts are present in the fetal blood
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| Erythroblastosis fetalis | is an alloimmune condition that develops in a fetus, when the IgG molecules (one of the five main types of antibodies) produced by the mother pass through the placenta
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| Erythroblastosis fetalis | antibodies are some which attack the red blood cells in the fetal circulation; the red cells are broken down and the fetus can develop reticulocytosis and anemia
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| Erythroblastosis fetalis | This fetal disease ranges from mild to very severe, and fetal death from heart failure (hydrops fetalis) can occur.
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| Erythroblastosis fetalis | When the disease is moderate or severe, many erythroblasts are present in the fetal blood
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| The composition of plasma is | a pale yellow fluid composed mostly of water. The plasma also contains proteins (albumin, various clotting factors, antibodies, and complement proteins), ions, nutrients, gases, and waste.
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| The functions of blood plasma are | to help regulate fluid volume, protect the body from pathogens, and prevent excessive blood loss in the event of injury.
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| What are the two hemopoietic tissues | red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue (found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland)
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| Where is the red bone marrow found | in the ends of long bones, such as the femur, and in flat and irregular bones, such as the sternum, cranial bones, vertebrae, and the bones of the pelvis
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| What cells are made in the red bone marrow | rbc's, white rbc's (granulocytes-basophil, neutrophil, and eosinophil) and (agranulocytes-lymphocyte and monocyte) and Platelets
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| What are types of granulocytes | basophil, neutrophil, and eosinophil
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| What are types of agranulocytes | lymphocyte and monocyte
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| What blood cells are made in the lymphatic tissue | Some lymphocytes mature and reproduce in the lymphatic tissue
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| What are the rbc's function | primary transporter of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| what protein is in rbc's | hemoglobin
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| what protein is responsible for rbc function | the hemoglobin molecule
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| how many globin chains does the hemoglobin contain | four
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| what does hemoglobin consist of | globin and heme
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| what is the function of the globin protein | plays a role in gas transport and transports some of the CO2 from its site of production to the lungs for excretion
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| what is the function of heme | O2 attaches loosely to the iron atom in the heme
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| what are the nutrients necessary for rbc production | iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and protein
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| what does hypoxia do in relation to rbc production | causes a decrease in oxygen which in turn causes the kidneys to sense the need for additional oxygen and secrete erythropoietin which then stimulates the bone marrow to produce additional rbc's
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| what does erythropoietin do | stimulates the bone marrow to produce additional rbc's
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| what is the life span of a rbc | 120 days
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| what happens to rbc's at the end of their life span | they are removed when the ragged rbc is detected by the macrophages (that line the spleen and liver) who remove the rbc's from the circulation and phagocytose them
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| what is hemoglobin broken down into | globin and heme
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| what is the globin broken down into | various amino acids that are later used in the synthesis of other proteins
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| what is the heme broken down into | iron and bile pigments
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| where is the iron stored | in the liver until it is needed by the bone marrow for the synthesis of new hemoglobin
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| what is a function of the liver | to remove bile pigments from the blood and excrete it them into the bile
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| where does the bile flow | into the intestines and then it is excreted from the body in the feces
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| what are the four types of blood | A, B, AB, and O
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| whate are platelets | tiny cell fragments of the larger megakaryocyte
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| where are platelets produced | in the red bone marrow
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| what is the life span of a platelet | 5 to 9 days
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| how are platelets involved in hemostasis | by preventing blood loss via clotting
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| what happens with a baby when the mother is Rh negative | they may be born with hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
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| what type of blood can the Rh- person not receive | Rh+
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| what is the first stage of chemical blood clotting | injury to the blood vessel wall that activates various clotting factors that in turn produce prothrombin activator (PTA)
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| what is the second stage of chemical blood clotting | in the presence of calcium, platelet chemicals, and PTA, prothrombin is activated to form thrombin
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| what is the third stage of chemical blood clotting | thrombin activates fibrinogen, which forms the fibin fibers (net) which in turn traps other blood cells and particles to form the clot
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| how is abnormal clotting prevented in the vascular system | the inner lining of the blood vessel (endothelium) is smooth and shiny and allows blood to flow easily along its surface
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| how is abnormal clotting prevented in the vascular system | heparin is secreted by mast cells that are concentrated in and around the liver and lungs
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| what is heparin secreted by | mast cells
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| what is the function of heparin | to act as an anticoagulant by removing thrombin from the clotting process
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| what are the normal values of rbc's for a CBC | Male 4.5 to 6.0 million cells/mm
Female 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mm
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| what are the normal values of wbc's for a CBC | 5,000 TO 10,000 cells/mm
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| whate are the normal values of hemoglobin for a CBC | Male 13.5 to 17.5 g/mL
Female 12 to 16 g/mL
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| what is the fraction of the blood composted of rbc's (hematocrit) | Male 40 to 50%
Female 37 to 47%
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| what is the size of the rbc's (mean corpuscular volume/MCV) | 80 to 95 femtoliter
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| who is the universal blood donor | O
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| who is the univeral blood recipient | AB
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| how is blood classified | according to the antigens on the surface of the rbc
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| what type of antigens does blood type A have on the rbc | A antigens
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| what type of antigens does blood type B have on the rbc | B antigens
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| what type of antigens does blood type AB have on the rbc | AB antigens
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| what type of antigens does blood type O have on the rbc | none
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| when does an agglutination occur | when blood is mismatched
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| what is Rh factor | another type of antigen on the rbc
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| what additonal type of antigen does Rh- have on the rbc | none
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| what additional type of antigen does Rh+ have on the rbc | Rh+
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| what happens to the volume and composition of blood as you age | it remains constant
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| what happens to laboratory values as you age | they remain the same
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| what do alterations in laboratory values for blood usually indicate | an alteration in other organ systems
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| why do serum lipid levels increase 25 to 50% after the age of 55 | it is due to an altered metabolism not due to blood or blood-forming organs
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| why do fasting blood glucose levels increase with age | it is the result of age-related changes associated with insulin
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| what happens to the amount of red bone marrow with age | it decreases
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| what happens to the total number of blood cells as we age | they remain normal
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| why do older persons take longer to recover from bleeding episodes | it takes them longer to form new blood cells
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| what happens to wbc as we age | their activity declines
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| what happens to wbc activity as we age in response to infection | it increases in response to the infection but it does so more slowly
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| what is blood poisoning (septicemia) | the presence of harmful substances in the blood, such as bacteria and toxins
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| what is hemophilia | a hereditary deficiency of factor VIII, or the mophilic factor, resulting in an impaired ability to clot blood and severe bleeding episodes
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| what is Christmas disease | a deficiency of factor IX
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| what is von Willebrand's disease | a deficiency of a protein that affects factor VIII function
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| what is leukemia | cancer of the blood that is characterized by uncontrolled leukocyte production
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| what happens with the process of leukemia | the abnormal leukocytes invade the bone marrow and impair normal blood cell production and malignant cells metastasize through the body
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| what is polycythemia | means many cells in the blood
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| what is polycythemia vera | means true polycythemia
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| what causes polycythemia vera | the overproduction of blood cells (usually rbc's) by the bone marrow
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| what is secondary polycythemia | an increase in blood cell production in response to a condition that interferes with oxygenation, such as lung disease
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| what are the three types of blood cells | erythrocytes (rbc), leukocytes (wbc), and thrombocytes (platelets)
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| what are the formed elements of blood made up of | erythrocytes (rbc), leukocytes (wbc), and thrombocytes (platelets)
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| what are the steps of hemostasis | blood vessel spasm, the formation of the platelet plug, and blood clotting (coagulation)
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| what information can you get from a hematocrit reading | the percentage of blood cells in a sample of blood and the size of rbc's
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| whys is bone marrow dysfunction (hypo and hyper activity) so serious | because it affects the blood cell production which can affect all systems of the body
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| why might excessive doeses of aspirin, Coumadin, or TPA cause bleeding | because they slow vascular spasm and exert antiplatelet effects
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| what is the immature cell of the rbc | reticulocyte
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| what happens when the rbc is rapidly broken down | it causes hyperbilirubenemia
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| what happens to the rbc in anemia patients | they are decreased
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| how are rbc plasma levels monitored | via changes in the hematocrit (HCT)
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| what blood cells is involved in the hemolytic blood transfusion reaction | rbc
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| what blood cell are extrinsic and intrinsic factors neccessary for the synthesis of | rbc
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| what blood cell requires iron for its synthesis and function | rbc
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| what blood cells are highly phagocytic granylocytes | wbc
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| what blood cells include the neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils | wbc
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| what blood cells are primarily concerned with phagocytosis | wbc
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| what blood cells are composed of granulocytes and agranulocytes | wbc
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| what blood cells contribute to the formation of pus | wbc
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| what blood cells are involved in the process of shifting to the left | wbc
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| what blood cells are related to segs, polys, PMNs, and band cells | wbc
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| what blood cells are related to a deficiency that causes petechiae formation and bleeding | platelets
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| what blood cells are derived from the megakaryocyte | platelets
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| what blood cells are primarily concerned with hemostasis | platelets
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| what blood cells are related to stickiness and plug | platelets
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| what is Kernicterus | a serious neurological complication of erythrobastosis fetalis that results in severe mental retardation
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| what is the anemia that characterizes erythroblastosis fetalis | hemolytic anemia
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| what is the anemia that is characterized by jaundice | hemolytic anemia
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| what is the anemia that is often associated with kernicterus | hemolytic anemia
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| what type of anemia would an infant who drinks only whole milk for the first year of life be likely to develop | folic acid deficiency anemia
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| what is a megaloblastic anemia that is commonly seen in pregnant women and patients with alcoholism | folic acid deficiency anemia
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| what anemia is caused by impaired function of the parietal cells in the stomach when they are unable to secrete intrinsic factor | pernicious anemia
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| what type of anemia is a megaloblastic anemia that is treated with vitamin B12 injections | pernicious anemia
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| what type of anemia is the most painful anemia | pernicious anemia
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| whay type of anemia occurs when the lack of intrinsic factor impairs the absorption of extrinsic factor | pernicious anemia
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| what type of anemia is a hereditary anemia that causes the rbc's to form a rigid crescent shape | sickle cell anemia
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| what anemia is endemic to low income population | iron deficiency anemia
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| what anemia is treated with ferrous sulfate | iron deficiency anemia
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| what anemia is associated with occult blood (positive guaiac test on stools) | iron deficiency anemia
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| what anemia is a hypochromic microcytic anemia that is often caused by a chronic slow bleeding lesion | iron deficiency anemia
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| what anemia occurs after a severe hemorrhage | iron deficiency anemia
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| what type of anemia has the symptom of reticulocytes usually being absent | aplastic anemia
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| what type of anemia is often accompanied by granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia | aplastic anemia
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| what type of anemia is often seen in a cancer patient who is being treated with powerful cytoxic drugs and radiation | aplastic anemia
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| what type of anemia occurs in patients who are diabetic with end-stage renal disease (diabetic nephropathy) | anemia of chronic renal (kidney) failure
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| what are polymorphs (polys), segs, and band cells | neutrophils
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| that makes prothrombin | the liver combines thrombin with vitamin K
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| what does myelosuppression do | it dimishes the numbers of blood cells
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| what are vasospasm, platelet plug and blood coagualtion most related to | hemostasis
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| what causes hypoxemia | carbon monoxide binding to hemoglobin
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| what are lowered levels of oxygen the stimulus for | the release of erythropoietin
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| where does bilirubin originate from | hemoglobin
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| where is bilirubin liberated from | heme
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| where is bilirubin excreted | in bile
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| when is erythrobastosis fetalis most likely to occur | when the mother is type A- and the baby is type A+
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| what is hypoprothrombinemia related to | bleeding
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| what is granulocytopenia related to | neutropenia and infection
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| what do plasma proteins do | carry oxygen, maintain blood volume, transport hormones and substances such as bilirubin and drugs
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| what can rapid hemolysis cause | hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice
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| why is a person in chronic kidney failure anemic | because his kidneys do not secrete adequate erythropoietin
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| what is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) | a drug that activates plasmin and therefore dissolves clots
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| the hypoprothrominemic patient is most likely to benefit from | an injection of vitamin K
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| what are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen | plasma proteins
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| what is thrombosis caused by | venous stasis
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| the patient who has aplastic anemia is most likely to have | a low reticulocyte count
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| what granulocytoic wbc is highly phagocytic | neutrophil
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| what anticoagulant acts as an antithrombin agent | heparin
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| what organ synthesizes erythropoietin | the kidney
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| what clotting factor is vitamin K dependent | prothrombin
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| what deficiency of platelets causes bleeding | thrombocytopenia
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| what is the ratio of the formed elements of the blood to the total volume | hematocrit
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| what organ synthesizes prothrombin | the liver
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|
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