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A and P Blood
Herlihy-Chapter 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hematology, hematuria, hematocrit, and hemostasis all refer to | blood |
| hemopoiesis, erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis all refer to | blood cell formation |
| to what does the common word part refere--phlebothrombosis, thrombus, thrombocyte, and thrombolytic | blood clot |
| to what does leukocytosis and leukopenia refer | amounts of white blood cells |
| the words uremia, hyperglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and bacteremia all refer to | substances in the blood |
| albumin is | plasma proteing that helps regulate plasma osmotic pressure, thereby "holding" water within the blood vessels; responsible for oncotic pressure |
| Anemia is | a condition characterized by abnormally low amounts of hemoglobin or low numbers of red blood cells |
| Basophils | type of granular leukocyte; stains blue |
| Coagulation | clotting of blood |
| Eosinophil | type of granular leukocyte; stains red |
| Erythrocytes | red blood cell |
| Erythropoietin | hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells |
| Fibrin | protein strands formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen; the clot |
| Hematocrit-(packed cell volume) | laboratory test that expresses the percentage of red blood cells present in a volume of blood |
| Hemopoiesis- | production of blood cells |
| hemoglobin | iron containing protein in the red blood cell can take up and release oxygen; also transports carbon dioxide |
| hemolysis | breakdown of erythrocytes |
| hemostasis | the stopping of blood loss |
| leukocytes | white blood cell; functions primarily to defend the body against infection |
| lymphocytes | agranular leukocyte; there are T and B lymphocytes |
| monocytes | agranualar phagocytic leukocyte that can become a macrophage |
| neutrophil | granular, motile, and highly phagocytic leukocyte |
| plasma | the yellow liquid portion of blood |
| platelet | a fragment of megakaryocyte that functions in hemostasis; also called a thrombocyte |
| red blood cells | blood cell that contains mostly hemoglobin; an erythrocyte |
| reticulocyte | immature red blood cell |
| serum | blood plasma minus the clotting factor |
| thrombocytes | aka platelets; a fragment of a megakaryocyte that functions in hemostasis |
| white blood cells | aka leukocyte-functions primarily to defend the body against infection |
| differential white blood cell count | a lab test that indicates the percentage of each type of white blood cells |
| intrinsic factor | protein secreted by the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 |
| hematology | the study of blood |
| viscosity | the thickness or stickiness of the blood and affects the ease with which blood flows through the blood vessels |
| myeloid hemopoiesis | blood formation in the red bone marrow |
| lymphoid hemopoiesis | blood formation in the lymphatic organs |
| stem cell | cell in which blood cells originate from |
| myelosuppression | bone marrow depression |
| leukopenia | a deficiency of wbc caused by myelosuppression |
| thrombocytopenia | condition resulting from depressed bone marrow which produces inadequate numbers of platelets |
| phlebotomy | process of removal of blood |
| erythropoiesis | the production of rbc |
| anisocytosis | unequal sized rbc |
| poikilocytosis | irregualarly shaped rbc |
| oxyhemoglobin | oxygenated hemoglobin |
| carbaminohemoglobin | CO2 hemoglobin complex |
| cyanosis | blue coloration |
| hypoxemia | deficiency of oxygen in the blood |
| iron deficiency anemia | inadequate hemoglobin synthesis resulting from an iron deficient diet |
| folic acid deficiency anemia | inadequate hemoglobin synthesis resulting from a deficiency of folic acid |
| pernicious anemia | a form of anemia that results from the failure to absorb vitamin B12 due to inadequate secretion of intrinsic factor |
| anemia of chronic renal (kidney)failure | type of anemia resulting from declining kidney function from failure to produce enough erythropoietin |
| hemolytic anemia | a condition resulting when the rbc's are broken down very rapidly and exceed the rate of rbc replacement |
| jaundice | a yellow hue to the skin and eyes caused by an increase in bilirubin level in the blood |
| phagocytosis | eating of pathogens or cellular debris |
| leukocytosis | increase in the numbers of wbc's |
| leucopoiesis | process of wbc prodution |
| granulocytes | granules |
| agranulocytes | no granules |
| pus | a collection of dead neutrophils, parts of cells, and fluids that are left behind at the site of infection after the battle between the neutrophils and pathogens |
| abscess | localized collection of pus in any body part that results from invasion of a pyogenic bacterium or other pathogen |
| polymorphonuclear leukocytes | PMS's, polys, polymorphs-------neutrophils |
| segs | another name for mature neutrophils |
| band cell/staff cells/stab cells | the immature neutrophils |
| lymphocytes | produced in the red bone marrow and play an important role in the body's immune response |
| monocytes | type of agranulocyte that is phagocytotic |
| macrophagees | enlarged monocyte that eats foreign material; big eater |
| wandering macrophage | macrophages that wander about the body, patrolling for pathogens and cleaning up the debris |
| fixed macrophages | macrophages that reside in a particular organ that phagocytose pathogens |
| Thrombopoiesis | the production of the platelet |
| Petechiae | little pin-point hemorrhages under the skin, and abnormal, potentially lethal bleeding episodes |
| Complete blood count (CBC) | a lab test that provides the normal range of the numbers of RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets (the normal hemoglobin/hgb content of the RBC, the normal hct/hematocrit, and the percentage of reticulocytes, on WBC’s the test indicates the % of each type of WBC) |
| Complete blood count (CBC) | a lab test that provides the normal range of the numbers of RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets (the normal hemoglobin/hgb content of the RBC, the normal hct/hematocrit, and the percentage of reticulocytes, on WBC’s the test indicates the % of each type of WBC) |
| Vascular spasm | when the blood vessel is injured and the smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall responds by contracting |
| Vascular spasm | when the blood vessel is injured and the smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall responds by contracting |
| Prothrombin activator (PTA) | any one of the substances in the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways of coagulation |
| Platelet plug | the plug formed when the platelets become sticky and adhere to the inner lining of the injured blood vessel and to each other |
| Prothrombin | A protein present in blood plasma that is converted into active thrombin during coagulation |
| Thrombin | an enzyme that is present in the blood. It causes our blood to clot it we suffer an injury like a cut |
| Prothrombin activator (PTA) | any one of the substances in the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways of coagulation |
| Fibrinogen | A soluble protein present in blood plasma, from which fibrin is produced by the action of the enzyme thrombin |
| Prothrombin | A protein present in blood plasma that is converted into active thrombin during coagulation |
| Thrombin | an enzyme that is present in the blood. It causes our blood to clot it we suffer an injury like a cut |
| Fibrinogen | A soluble protein present in blood plasma, from which fibrin is produced by the action of the enzyme thrombin |
| Heparin | A compound in the liver and other tissues that inhibits blood coagulation |
| Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | a condition in which a clot in the deep veins of the legs gives rises to an embolus that travels to the vessels of the lungs where it blocks blood flow often causing instant death |
| Mast cells | basophils that are concentrated in and around the liver and lungs |
| Hypoprothrombineamia | a diminished amount of prothrombin in the blood |
| Thrombus | a blood clot |
| Clot retraction | the process of the clot becoming smaller as water is squeezed out |
| Embolus | a traveling blood clot |
| Fibrinolysis | the process of the dissolving of a clot |
| Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | a condition in which a clot in the deep veins of the legs gives rises to an embolus that travels to the vessels of the lungs where it blocks blood flow often causing instant death |
| Plasmin | substance that dissolves clots |
| Hypoprothrombineamia | a diminished amount of prothrombin in the blood |
| Plasminogen | The inactive precursor of the enzyme plasmin, present in blood |
| Clot retraction | the process of the clot becoming smaller as water is squeezed out |
| Fibrinolysis | the process of the dissolving of a clot |
| Plasmin | substance that dissolves clots |
| Plasminogen | The inactive precursor of the enzyme plasmin, present in blood |
| Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) | is a protein involved in the breakdown of blood clots (utilized in stroke victims) |
| ABO grouping | group of four blood types (A, B, AB, and O) |
| Hemolytic blood transfusion reactions | |
| Antibodies | A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen |
| Universal donor | a blood donor that can donate to all blood types |
| Agglutination | the clumping of the antigen-antibody interaction |
| Universal recipient | a blood recipient that may receive all blood type donations |
| Compatible blood groups | blood groups that can donate to each other with no ill consequences |
| Incompatible blood groups | blood groups that cannot donate to each other due to ill consequences from the mixing of the blood groups |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis | is an alloimmune condition that develops in a fetus, when the IgG molecules (one of the five main types of antibodies) produced by the mother pass through the placenta |
| Universal donor | a blood donor that can donate to all blood types |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis | antibodies are some which attack the red blood cells in the fetal circulation; the red cells are broken down and the fetus can develop reticulocytosis and anemia |
| Universal recipient | a blood recipient that may receive all blood type donations |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis | This fetal disease ranges from mild to very severe, and fetal death from heart failure (hydrops fetalis) can occur. |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis- | Hemolytic disease of the newborn, also known as hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, HDN, HDFN, or erythroblastosis fetalis, |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis | When the disease is moderate or severe, many erythroblasts are present in the fetal blood |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis | is an alloimmune condition that develops in a fetus, when the IgG molecules (one of the five main types of antibodies) produced by the mother pass through the placenta |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis | antibodies are some which attack the red blood cells in the fetal circulation; the red cells are broken down and the fetus can develop reticulocytosis and anemia |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis | This fetal disease ranges from mild to very severe, and fetal death from heart failure (hydrops fetalis) can occur. |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis | When the disease is moderate or severe, many erythroblasts are present in the fetal blood |
| The composition of plasma is | a pale yellow fluid composed mostly of water. The plasma also contains proteins (albumin, various clotting factors, antibodies, and complement proteins), ions, nutrients, gases, and waste. |
| The functions of blood plasma are | to help regulate fluid volume, protect the body from pathogens, and prevent excessive blood loss in the event of injury. |
| What are the two hemopoietic tissues | red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue (found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland) |
| Where is the red bone marrow found | in the ends of long bones, such as the femur, and in flat and irregular bones, such as the sternum, cranial bones, vertebrae, and the bones of the pelvis |
| What cells are made in the red bone marrow | rbc's, white rbc's (granulocytes-basophil, neutrophil, and eosinophil) and (agranulocytes-lymphocyte and monocyte) and Platelets |
| What are types of granulocytes | basophil, neutrophil, and eosinophil |
| What are types of agranulocytes | lymphocyte and monocyte |
| What blood cells are made in the lymphatic tissue | Some lymphocytes mature and reproduce in the lymphatic tissue |
| What are the rbc's function | primary transporter of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| what protein is in rbc's | hemoglobin |
| what protein is responsible for rbc function | the hemoglobin molecule |
| how many globin chains does the hemoglobin contain | four |
| what does hemoglobin consist of | globin and heme |
| what is the function of the globin protein | plays a role in gas transport and transports some of the CO2 from its site of production to the lungs for excretion |
| what is the function of heme | O2 attaches loosely to the iron atom in the heme |
| what are the nutrients necessary for rbc production | iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and protein |
| what does hypoxia do in relation to rbc production | causes a decrease in oxygen which in turn causes the kidneys to sense the need for additional oxygen and secrete erythropoietin which then stimulates the bone marrow to produce additional rbc's |
| what does erythropoietin do | stimulates the bone marrow to produce additional rbc's |
| what is the life span of a rbc | 120 days |
| what happens to rbc's at the end of their life span | they are removed when the ragged rbc is detected by the macrophages (that line the spleen and liver) who remove the rbc's from the circulation and phagocytose them |
| what is hemoglobin broken down into | globin and heme |
| what is the globin broken down into | various amino acids that are later used in the synthesis of other proteins |
| what is the heme broken down into | iron and bile pigments |
| where is the iron stored | in the liver until it is needed by the bone marrow for the synthesis of new hemoglobin |
| what is a function of the liver | to remove bile pigments from the blood and excrete it them into the bile |
| where does the bile flow | into the intestines and then it is excreted from the body in the feces |
| what are the four types of blood | A, B, AB, and O |
| whate are platelets | tiny cell fragments of the larger megakaryocyte |
| where are platelets produced | in the red bone marrow |
| what is the life span of a platelet | 5 to 9 days |
| how are platelets involved in hemostasis | by preventing blood loss via clotting |
| what happens with a baby when the mother is Rh negative | they may be born with hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) |
| what type of blood can the Rh- person not receive | Rh+ |
| what is the first stage of chemical blood clotting | injury to the blood vessel wall that activates various clotting factors that in turn produce prothrombin activator (PTA) |
| what is the second stage of chemical blood clotting | in the presence of calcium, platelet chemicals, and PTA, prothrombin is activated to form thrombin |
| what is the third stage of chemical blood clotting | thrombin activates fibrinogen, which forms the fibin fibers (net) which in turn traps other blood cells and particles to form the clot |
| how is abnormal clotting prevented in the vascular system | the inner lining of the blood vessel (endothelium) is smooth and shiny and allows blood to flow easily along its surface |
| how is abnormal clotting prevented in the vascular system | heparin is secreted by mast cells that are concentrated in and around the liver and lungs |
| what is heparin secreted by | mast cells |
| what is the function of heparin | to act as an anticoagulant by removing thrombin from the clotting process |
| what are the normal values of rbc's for a CBC | Male 4.5 to 6.0 million cells/mm Female 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mm |
| what are the normal values of wbc's for a CBC | 5,000 TO 10,000 cells/mm |
| whate are the normal values of hemoglobin for a CBC | Male 13.5 to 17.5 g/mL Female 12 to 16 g/mL |
| what is the fraction of the blood composted of rbc's (hematocrit) | Male 40 to 50% Female 37 to 47% |
| what is the size of the rbc's (mean corpuscular volume/MCV) | 80 to 95 femtoliter |
| who is the universal blood donor | O |
| who is the univeral blood recipient | AB |
| how is blood classified | according to the antigens on the surface of the rbc |
| what type of antigens does blood type A have on the rbc | A antigens |
| what type of antigens does blood type B have on the rbc | B antigens |
| what type of antigens does blood type AB have on the rbc | AB antigens |
| what type of antigens does blood type O have on the rbc | none |
| when does an agglutination occur | when blood is mismatched |
| what is Rh factor | another type of antigen on the rbc |
| what additonal type of antigen does Rh- have on the rbc | none |
| what additional type of antigen does Rh+ have on the rbc | Rh+ |
| what happens to the volume and composition of blood as you age | it remains constant |
| what happens to laboratory values as you age | they remain the same |
| what do alterations in laboratory values for blood usually indicate | an alteration in other organ systems |
| why do serum lipid levels increase 25 to 50% after the age of 55 | it is due to an altered metabolism not due to blood or blood-forming organs |
| why do fasting blood glucose levels increase with age | it is the result of age-related changes associated with insulin |
| what happens to the amount of red bone marrow with age | it decreases |
| what happens to the total number of blood cells as we age | they remain normal |
| why do older persons take longer to recover from bleeding episodes | it takes them longer to form new blood cells |
| what happens to wbc as we age | their activity declines |
| what happens to wbc activity as we age in response to infection | it increases in response to the infection but it does so more slowly |
| what is blood poisoning (septicemia) | the presence of harmful substances in the blood, such as bacteria and toxins |
| what is hemophilia | a hereditary deficiency of factor VIII, or the mophilic factor, resulting in an impaired ability to clot blood and severe bleeding episodes |
| what is Christmas disease | a deficiency of factor IX |
| what is von Willebrand's disease | a deficiency of a protein that affects factor VIII function |
| what is leukemia | cancer of the blood that is characterized by uncontrolled leukocyte production |
| what happens with the process of leukemia | the abnormal leukocytes invade the bone marrow and impair normal blood cell production and malignant cells metastasize through the body |
| what is polycythemia | means many cells in the blood |
| what is polycythemia vera | means true polycythemia |
| what causes polycythemia vera | the overproduction of blood cells (usually rbc's) by the bone marrow |
| what is secondary polycythemia | an increase in blood cell production in response to a condition that interferes with oxygenation, such as lung disease |
| what are the three types of blood cells | erythrocytes (rbc), leukocytes (wbc), and thrombocytes (platelets) |
| what are the formed elements of blood made up of | erythrocytes (rbc), leukocytes (wbc), and thrombocytes (platelets) |
| what are the steps of hemostasis | blood vessel spasm, the formation of the platelet plug, and blood clotting (coagulation) |
| what information can you get from a hematocrit reading | the percentage of blood cells in a sample of blood and the size of rbc's |
| whys is bone marrow dysfunction (hypo and hyper activity) so serious | because it affects the blood cell production which can affect all systems of the body |
| why might excessive doeses of aspirin, Coumadin, or TPA cause bleeding | because they slow vascular spasm and exert antiplatelet effects |
| what is the immature cell of the rbc | reticulocyte |
| what happens when the rbc is rapidly broken down | it causes hyperbilirubenemia |
| what happens to the rbc in anemia patients | they are decreased |
| how are rbc plasma levels monitored | via changes in the hematocrit (HCT) |
| what blood cells is involved in the hemolytic blood transfusion reaction | rbc |
| what blood cell are extrinsic and intrinsic factors neccessary for the synthesis of | rbc |
| what blood cell requires iron for its synthesis and function | rbc |
| what blood cells are highly phagocytic granylocytes | wbc |
| what blood cells include the neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils | wbc |
| what blood cells are primarily concerned with phagocytosis | wbc |
| what blood cells are composed of granulocytes and agranulocytes | wbc |
| what blood cells contribute to the formation of pus | wbc |
| what blood cells are involved in the process of shifting to the left | wbc |
| what blood cells are related to segs, polys, PMNs, and band cells | wbc |
| what blood cells are related to a deficiency that causes petechiae formation and bleeding | platelets |
| what blood cells are derived from the megakaryocyte | platelets |
| what blood cells are primarily concerned with hemostasis | platelets |
| what blood cells are related to stickiness and plug | platelets |
| what is Kernicterus | a serious neurological complication of erythrobastosis fetalis that results in severe mental retardation |
| what is the anemia that characterizes erythroblastosis fetalis | hemolytic anemia |
| what is the anemia that is characterized by jaundice | hemolytic anemia |
| what is the anemia that is often associated with kernicterus | hemolytic anemia |
| what type of anemia would an infant who drinks only whole milk for the first year of life be likely to develop | folic acid deficiency anemia |
| what is a megaloblastic anemia that is commonly seen in pregnant women and patients with alcoholism | folic acid deficiency anemia |
| what anemia is caused by impaired function of the parietal cells in the stomach when they are unable to secrete intrinsic factor | pernicious anemia |
| what type of anemia is a megaloblastic anemia that is treated with vitamin B12 injections | pernicious anemia |
| what type of anemia is the most painful anemia | pernicious anemia |
| whay type of anemia occurs when the lack of intrinsic factor impairs the absorption of extrinsic factor | pernicious anemia |
| what type of anemia is a hereditary anemia that causes the rbc's to form a rigid crescent shape | sickle cell anemia |
| what anemia is endemic to low income population | iron deficiency anemia |
| what anemia is treated with ferrous sulfate | iron deficiency anemia |
| what anemia is associated with occult blood (positive guaiac test on stools) | iron deficiency anemia |
| what anemia is a hypochromic microcytic anemia that is often caused by a chronic slow bleeding lesion | iron deficiency anemia |
| what anemia occurs after a severe hemorrhage | iron deficiency anemia |
| what type of anemia has the symptom of reticulocytes usually being absent | aplastic anemia |
| what type of anemia is often accompanied by granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia | aplastic anemia |
| what type of anemia is often seen in a cancer patient who is being treated with powerful cytoxic drugs and radiation | aplastic anemia |
| what type of anemia occurs in patients who are diabetic with end-stage renal disease (diabetic nephropathy) | anemia of chronic renal (kidney) failure |
| what are polymorphs (polys), segs, and band cells | neutrophils |
| that makes prothrombin | the liver combines thrombin with vitamin K |
| what does myelosuppression do | it dimishes the numbers of blood cells |
| what are vasospasm, platelet plug and blood coagualtion most related to | hemostasis |
| what causes hypoxemia | carbon monoxide binding to hemoglobin |
| what are lowered levels of oxygen the stimulus for | the release of erythropoietin |
| where does bilirubin originate from | hemoglobin |
| where is bilirubin liberated from | heme |
| where is bilirubin excreted | in bile |
| when is erythrobastosis fetalis most likely to occur | when the mother is type A- and the baby is type A+ |
| what is hypoprothrombinemia related to | bleeding |
| what is granulocytopenia related to | neutropenia and infection |
| what do plasma proteins do | carry oxygen, maintain blood volume, transport hormones and substances such as bilirubin and drugs |
| what can rapid hemolysis cause | hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice |
| why is a person in chronic kidney failure anemic | because his kidneys do not secrete adequate erythropoietin |
| what is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) | a drug that activates plasmin and therefore dissolves clots |
| the hypoprothrominemic patient is most likely to benefit from | an injection of vitamin K |
| what are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen | plasma proteins |
| what is thrombosis caused by | venous stasis |
| the patient who has aplastic anemia is most likely to have | a low reticulocyte count |
| what granulocytoic wbc is highly phagocytic | neutrophil |
| what anticoagulant acts as an antithrombin agent | heparin |
| what organ synthesizes erythropoietin | the kidney |
| what clotting factor is vitamin K dependent | prothrombin |
| what deficiency of platelets causes bleeding | thrombocytopenia |
| what is the ratio of the formed elements of the blood to the total volume | hematocrit |
| what organ synthesizes prothrombin | the liver |
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