Cellular reaction to injury
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| show | Adaptation; Cell injury- either reversible (degeneration) or irreversible (death, or necrosis)
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| What are 7 major causes of cellular injury? | show 🗑
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| What is the most common cause of cellular injury? | show 🗑
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| show | Ischemia due to decreased blood supply; Inadequate oxygenation of blood; Loss of oxygen carrying capacity of blood
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| What are physical agents that may cause Cell injury? | show 🗑
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| What are Chemical Agents that may cause cell injury? | show 🗑
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| What are infectious agents that may cause cell injury? | show 🗑
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| What is an example of a genetic defect that may cause cell injury? | show 🗑
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| show | Deficiency (avitamoninosis, protein calorie malnutrition); Excess (obesity)
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| show | Hypersensitivity; autoimmune diseases
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| Whether cell damage is reversible or irreversible is dependent on what four factors? | show 🗑
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| What 4 intracellular systems are more vulnerable to cell injury? | show 🗑
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| show | When hypoxia interferes with aerobic respiration in mitochondria
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| Intracellular accumulation of Na+, diffusion of K+ and osmotic gain of water results in what? | show 🗑
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| Changes in cytoplasmic organelles cause what? | show 🗑
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| show | Hydropic degeneration; ER appears fragmented, accumulation of detached ribosomes is known as myelin figures
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| show | Accumulation of fat within parenchymal cells of liver (due to hypoxia, alcohol, or DM); Membrane-bound lysosomes coalesce together producing fatty cysts; Appears as vacuoles due to accumulation of fatty droplets
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| show | Damage of plasma membrane (loss of protein essential enzymes, co-enzymes and RNA); Vacuolization of mitochondria; Release of lysosomal enzymes (digestion of cytoplasm)
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| show | small dense nucleus
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| show | fragmentation
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| What is Karyolysis? | show 🗑
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| show | Death of group of cells within a living body caused by injurious agent
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| show | 1. Nuclear changes- Pyknosis, Karyorrhexis, Karyolysis 2. Cytoplasmic change- Swollen 3. Architectural changes- depend on whether denaturation of proteins or enzymatic digestion prevails
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| What are the two ways necrotic cells injure cells? | show 🗑
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| What is denaturation of proteins? | show 🗑
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| What is enzymatic digestion? | show 🗑
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| What are 7 types of necrosis? | show 🗑
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| What is the most common type of Necrosis? | show 🗑
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| What is the cause of coagulative necrosis? | show 🗑
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| How does coagulative necrosis appear to the N.E.? | show 🗑
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| show | Cells devoid of nuclei appear as mass of pink homogenous cytoplasm; keep outline for several days till removed by phagocytosis
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| show | Cell lysis prevails over protein denaturation; necrotic tissue: soft, liquid-like
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| show | necrotic lesions of brain: more abundant lysomal enzymes and lack of good structural support; Suppurative inflammation (abscess): potent proteolytic enzymes of neutrophils
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| show | Caseous necrosis
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| What is the cause of Caseous necrosis? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Coagulative necrosis w/ partial liquefaction 2. Necrotic cells neither retain their outline nor disappear by lysis 3. appear as amorphous debris of fragmented coagulated cells.
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| show | Release of pancreatic enzymes into surrounding tissue (ex: traumatic injury, acute pancreatitis)
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| What is an important mechanism in enzymatic fat necrosis? | show 🗑
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| show | Trauma (not enzymatic digestion) to fatty tissue e.g. breast, subcutaneous tissue
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| What is the mechanism for traumatic fat necrosis? | show 🗑
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| show | loss of normal structure, it's replacement by eosinphilic material that resembled fibrin
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| show | 1. malignant HTN--> necrosis of tunica media of arterioles, leakage of plasma protein and deposition of fibrin. 2. Autoimmune diseases: synovial membranes in rheumatoid arthritis (immune complexes, breakdown products of collagen and fibrin)
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| What is gangrene? | show 🗑
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| What are three types of gangrene? | show 🗑
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| show | in the toes and feet due to gradual occlusion of arteries (e.g. atherosclerosis and diabetes) --> coagulative necrosis
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| show | Line of demarcation
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| Where does wet gangrene occur? | show 🗑
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| In which gangrene is the necrotic tissue more prone to severe bacteria infection, liquefaction and toxemia? | show 🗑
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| show | gas gangrene
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| show | gas gangrene
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| show | gas gangrene
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| What is apoptosis? | show 🗑
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| show | councilman bodies
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