anatomy and physiology
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| Biochemistry is the study of | chemical reactions in organisms.
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| We eat chemicals, body functions reflecting cellular functions that reflect chemical changes, drugs are chemicals, and chemical reactions enable our bodies to extract energy from nutrients is the reason why | Chemistry is important to the study of physiology
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| Which of the following substances account for more than 95% of the human body? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
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| The atomic weight of an element whose atoms contain 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 8 neutrons is | 16
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| The atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in the number of | neutrons
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| The first electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of | 2 electrons
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| An atom that has 3 electrons in its second shell and a filled first shell will | lose 3 electrons from its second shell.
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| A decomposition reaction can be symbolized by | AB → A + B.
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| A solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions is | neutral
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| Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water are | acids
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| A chemical reaction in which pairs of different molecules trade positions is a(n) | exchange reaction
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| Electrolytes are substances that | ionize when dissolved in water.
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| The pH scale measures the | concentration of hydrogen ions in
solution.
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| What is the most abundant inorganic substance in cells? |
water
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| A person has alkalosis if the blood pH | rises above 7.4
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| Matter is composed of ____, which are composed of _____. | elements; atoms
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| Atomic number equals the number of ______ and atomic weight equals the ____. | protons; number of protons plus neutrons
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| Synthesis reactions are particularly important in the body for | growth of body parts.
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| In a covalent bond | atoms share pairs of electrons.
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| On the pH scale | a tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration separates each whole number, the lower the whole number on the scale, the greater the H+ concentration, pH values above 7 are basic, pH values below 7 are acidic.
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| Sodium ions and calcium ions are examples of | cations
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| An acid reacting with a base is | an exchange reaction
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| Bases reacting with acids form ________ and water. | electrolytes
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| Organic molecules ____, whereas inorganic molecules ____. | contain carbon; do not contain carbon
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| In the body, oxygen | releases energy from glucose during cellular respiration
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| Contains C,H,O with twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms, they provide much of the energy that the cell requires, they often are stored as reserve energy supplies, they include sugars and starches are all characteristics of: | carbohydrates
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| A simple carbohydrate | has a molecular formula of C6H12O6
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| What is insoluble in water, includes phospholipids, cholesterol, and fats, contains C,H, and O, but with proportionately less oxygen than in carbohydrates, and are organic? | Lipids
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| A protein can denature when | weak hydrogen bonds break
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| Lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes, cholesterol are all: | Organic
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| Saturated fats _______ than unsaturated fats. | have more single carbon-carbon bonds
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| These are structural materials, are chemical messengers, contain C,H, O, and N, and sometimes sulfur, can function as enzymes? | Proteins
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| An enzyme is a ___. | protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed or depleted
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| DNA | stores genetic information.
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| Nucleic acids are | composed of building blocks called nucleotides.
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| Nucleic acids include | RNA and DNA
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| DNA and RNA differ in that | DNA holds genetic information and RNA uses that information to synthesize protein
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| An organic compound contains | carbon and hydrogen.
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| Carbon can form __ covalent bonds | 4
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| ribose, 5-carbon sugar, 6-carbon sugar, and deoxyribose are all | Monosaccharides
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| A triglyceride consists of | 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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| Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and water are all | hydrophilic
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| The symbol Na+ represents a sodium atom that has lost an electron | True
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| At atom that has gained or lost electrons is called an ion. | True
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| Water is an example of a compound | True
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| What is the number of protons in an atom of sodium? | 11
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| If chlorine has the atomic mass of 35 and the atomic number of 17: What is the number of neutrons in chlorine? | 18
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| What are the sub-atomic particles with "no mass"? | electrons
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| What is the sub-atomic particle that the atomic number is based on? | protons
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| What is the atomic mass of an atom with 23 protons, 24 neutrons, and 25 electrons? | 47
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| How many electrons are in the outer energy level of an electrically neutral oxygen atom? | 6
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| What is the name given to any positively charged ion? | cation
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| What type of bond is formed by the transfer of electrons? | ionic
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| What is the name given to any negatively charged ion? | anion
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| This is a name that refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses. | isotope
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| Which atom, when looking at the periodic table, has 2 energy levels and 2 electrons in the outer energy level? | beryllium
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| Is an atom of potassium more likely to become a cation or anion? | cation
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| What type of reaction is demonstrated as A + BC --> AC + B? | single replacement
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| What is the smallest unit of matter? | atom
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| A total of how many electrons are needed to fill the outer shell of most atoms? | 8
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| What type of bond is found between the bases in a DNA molecule? | hydrogen
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| This type of protein aids in chemical reactions without itself being used up. | enzyme
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| If a protein's shape is changed then it has been___________. | denatured
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| An atom, to become stable, is always trying to fill it's ___________. | outer energy level of electrons
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| A + B ---> AB is an example of a ___________ reaction. | synthesis
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| A chemical bond that involves the transfer of electrons is a/an _____________ bond. | ionic
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| sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose are all types of: | carbohydrates
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| Surcose is a type of: | disaccharide
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| What are the major classes of organic compounds? | carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acids, proteins
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| Glycogen is most similar to: | starch
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| Substances that enter into a chemical reaction are called | reactants
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| What can form 4 covalent bonds | Carbon
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| A nonsymmetrical distribution of electrical charges | polar
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| All carbohydrates are composed of | H, C, O
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| The following reaction: NaOH + HCl ----> NaCl + H2O is an example of | double replacement
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| The most abundant element in living things | oxygen
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| Inorganic substance that is a waste product in respiration | carbon dioxide
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| We get most of our food energy from | carbohydrates
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| Glycogen, a major nutrient reserve of animals, is an example of a | polysaccharide
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| What helps steroid to form other steroids? | cholesterol
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| The bond between amino acids is a/an | covalent and peptide bond
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| A simple sugar is a: | monosaccharide and glucose
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| RNA and DNA are together known as this type of organic compound | nucleic acids
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| pH scale ranges from | 0-14
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| 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate group are all parts of? | nucleotide
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| ___________________ occurs by repeatedly forming peptide bonds that link individual amino acids together into a chain. | polymerization
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| a pH of 3 is | strong acid
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| Lipids are important as: | membrane components and energy molecules
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| Fats are best described as being composed of: | glycerol and saturated fatty acids
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| This molecule has a hydrophobic and a hydrophyllic portion. | phospholipid
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| If an atom had the atomic number 14 and atomic mass of 27, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons would it have? | 14,13,14
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| Enzymes are | proteins and catalysts
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| What is composed of C,H, and O in which there are twice as many H to O? | carbohydrate
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| This term refers to the "water loving" nature of the phospholipid head. | hydrophyllic
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| The 4 organic compounds are: | nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins
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| A chemical that resists pH changes | buffers
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| Which element is inert? | Ne
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| The building blocks of proteins | amino acids
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| The assembly of irreversibly denatured protein molecules results in formation of a _________? | solid gel
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