Skeletal System
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| Skeletal System | Bones make up our internal framework Arranged for our upright posture, Strong, Light-weight, divided into two divisions, axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton, Includes bones, joints, cartilage and ligaments
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| Axial skeleton | Bones (spine and skull) that form the longitudinal axis of the body
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| Appendicular skeleton | the bones of our limbs and girdles (pelvic/shoulder)
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| Functions of Skeletal System | Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, Blood Cell Formation
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| Support (function of SS) | Gives body shape and form, forms Internal framework, Supports our weight and body walls
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| Protection (function of SS) | Protects soft body organs, Includes Skull, Vertebrae, Ribs, Pelvis
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| What does the skull protect | the brain
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| What do the vertebrae protect | the spinal cord
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| What do the ribs protect | the heart and lungs
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| What does the pelvis protect | organs of lower GI
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| Movement (function of SS) | Skeletal system provides place of attachment for tendons of muscles, as muscles shorten they pull on bones, which act as levers to produce movement at joints
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| Storage (function of SS) | Stores fats and minerals (Ca and P) in the internal cavities of bones
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| Bone marrow | the internal cavity of bone
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| What fats and minerals are stored? | Calcium and Phosphorus
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| Hematopoiesis | “blood cell formation” formation of blood cells within the marrow cavities of bones
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| How many bones are in the Skeletal System | 206 bones
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| What determines function of the bone | shape and size
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| What are the Two types of bone tissue | Compact Bone & Spongy bone
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| Compact Bone | Dense, very hard, looks smooth and Homogeneous (even) throughout, located Down shaft of long bones, Gives toughness/rigidity to bones, contain Many passageways for nerves and blood vessels carrying in nutrients and a route for disposal of waste products
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| Spongy Bone | “cancellous bone” spiky, open, Honeycomb appearance; composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space, Found in heads of bones at both ends,
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| 4 types of Bone Classification | Long, Short, Flat, and irregular
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| Long Bones | Longer in length than they are in width (Long shaft), with a head at both ends, have Compact bone on outside and lined with spongy bone on inside, Found in limbs meta-tarsals, and metacarpals
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| Short Bones | Cube-shaped, mostly spongy bone, Found in carpals, tarsals, and sesamoid bones, Patella
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| Sesamoid bones | a special type of short bone, best example is the patella
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| Flat Bones | Two thin layers of flat and curved compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone on inside, Found in skull, ribs, and sternum (breastbone)
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| Irregular Bones | Bones that do not fit into any of the other categories, Found in pelvis (hip) and vertebrae
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| Long bone Structure (7 parts) | contains the Diaphysis, periosteum, sharpey’s fibers “perforating fibers”, epiphysis, articular cartilage, epiphyseal line, epiphyseal plate
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| Diaphysis | composed of compact bone and makes up most of the bone’s length (shaft of bone) covered and protected by a fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum,
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| Periosteum | fibrous connective tissue covering the shaft
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| Sharpey’s fibers | fibers of connective tissue that secure periosteum to the bone
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| Epiphysis | ends or heads of long bones, thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone
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| Articular cartilage | covers external surface of epiphysis, Smooth slippery joint surface made of glassy hyaline cartilage, decreases friction at joint surfaces
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| Epiphyseal line | Mature bone, the remnant of the epiphyseal growth plate, thin line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis,
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| Epiphyseal plate | flat growth plate of hyaline cartilage found in young growing bones that causes lengthwise growth of long bones, Eventually replaced by bone when growth stops
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| Medullary canal (Medullary cavity) | hollow inside of bone shaft, Storage area for fat or yellow marrow in adults
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| where are blood cells produced and red marrow found in infants? | In the Medullary canal
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| Where is red marrow and blood cell formation found In Adults? | In cavities of spongy bone of flat bones and the epiphyses of some long bones
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| Bone Surface Markings | Any bump, ridge, projection, hole, or flattened area on bone;
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| What do Bone surface markings indicate (2) | For attachment of ligaments, tendons, muscles; where nerves or vessels to pass through
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| Projections or processes for Attachment | grow out of bone, terms that begin with T
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| Depressions or cavities | indentations in the bone, Terms that begin with F (except facet)
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| Tuberosity; where are they located | Rough surface, large, rounded projections, located on the Tibia, ischium, humerus, radius, femur
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| Osgood schlatters | disease in the knee, affects the tracking
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| Crest; where are they located | prominent narrow ridge, located on the Tibia, ilium, sacrum
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| Trochanter; where are they located | large, blunt, irregularly shaped process, similar to tuberosity, but bigger, located on the Femur
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| Line; where are they located | narrow ridge, less prominent than a crest, located on the Femur
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| Tubercle; where are they located | small rounded projection, similar to tuberosity and trochanter, located on the Humerus, femur
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| Epicondyle; where are they located | raised area above condyle, located on the distal end of the Humerus
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| Tennis elbow | inflammation on the epicondyle
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| Spine; where are they located | sharp, slender, pointed projection, located on the Scapula, ischium, ilium (4)
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| Spine of scapula | sticks out and actually runs the length of scapula
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| Process; where are they located | any boney prominence located on Vertebrae, radius, ulna, temporal bone
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| Projections for Joints | Head, Facet, Condyle, Ramus
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| Head; where are they located | Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck, located on the Femur, humerus, radius, fibula
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| Facet; where are they located | smooth, flattened articular surface, located on Ribs, vertebrae
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| Condyle; where are they located | rounded, articular projections; located on the Femur, tibia
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| Ramus; where are they located | arm-like bar of bone; located on the Mandible, ischium, pubis
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| Meatus; where are they located (Depressions and Openings) | Canal-like passage; located on the Ear canal (temporal bone)
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| Sinus; where are they located (Depressions and Openings) | Cavity filled with air and lined with mucous membrane within a bone; located on the Frontal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid sinuses
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| Fossa; where are they located (Depressions and Openings) | Shallow basin like depression, often serve as an articular surface; located on the Scapula, humerus, femur, where brain sits in skull
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| Groove; where are they located (Depressions and Openings) | Furrow (ditch); located on the Mandible
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| Fissure; where are they located (Depressions and Openings) | Narrow, slit-like opening (narrow but deep); Eye sockets
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| Foramen; where are they located (Depressions and Openings) | Round or oval opening through bone; located on the Skull, vertebrae, pelvis, sacrum
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| Notch; where are they located (Depressions and Openings) | indentation at the edge of a structure; located on the end of the mandible?
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| Compact bone anatomy (includes 7 parts) | osteocytes, lacunae, lamellae, canacliculi, haversian canal, volkmann’s cannal, osteon
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| Osteocytes | part of compact bone, mature bone cells found within the matrix in tiny cavities called lacunae
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| Lacunae | part of compact bone, arranged in concentric circles called lamellae, around central (Haversian) cannals, house bone cells
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| Lamellae | part of compact bone, concentric rings of lacunae found around the central Haversian canal
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| Canaliculi | part of compact bone, tiny/minute canals radiating out from the central canal in all directions to lacunae, form a transportation system that connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply through the hard bone matrix
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| Haversian Canal | part of compact bone, “central canal”, central longitudinal canals run lengthwise through the bony matrix, carrying blood vessels and nerves to all areas of the bone
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| Volkman Canal | part of compact bone, “perforating canal” horizontal canals of bones that carry blood vessels and connect osteons to the medullary cavity, communication pathway from the outside of the bone to interior
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| Osteon | part of compact bone, each complex consisting of central canal and matrix rings, Also known as a Haversian system
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| Trabeculae | form beam-like network, Little beam-like appearance, Open spaces are filled with marrow
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| Axial Skeleton and parts of the axial skeleton (3) | Forms longitudinal axis of the body, divided into three parts, skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
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| Skull | formed from 2 sets of bones, cranium and facial bones, all bones are joined together by sutures, except for mandible
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| Sutures (definition) | interlocking, immovable joints
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| Coronal suture | separates frontal bone from parietal bones
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| Sagittal suture | go down middle (separates left and right parietals)
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| Squamous suture | on side (separates parietal from temporal, top and bottom)
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| Lambdoid suture | on back (coming in like ^), joins the occipital bone with parietal bones
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| Cranium | Encloses and protects the brain, composed of 8 large, flat bones, all single bones except for parietal and temporal
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| Frontal bone | forms the forehead, the bony projection under the eyebrows, and the superior part of each eye’s orbit
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| Parietal bones | (2 bones) one on each side, form most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium, meeting in the midline of the skull at the sagittal suture and form the coronal suture, where they connect to the frontal bone
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| Temporal bones | (2 bones) one on each side, inferior to the parietal bones, creating squamous sutures
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| Temporal bones | external auditory meatus, styloid process, zygomatic process, mastoid process, jugular foramen
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| External acoustic meatus | canal that leads to the eardrum and middle ear, where sound enters, part of the temporal bone
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| Styloid process | part of the temporal bone, sharp, needle-like projection, inferior of external auditory meatus, attachment point of many neck muscles
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| Zygomatic process | part of the temporal bone, thin bridge of bone that joins with the cheek bone (zygomatic bone) anteriorly
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| Mastoid process | part of the temporal bone, full of air cavities (mastoid sinuses), rough projection posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus, attachment site for some muscles of the neck
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| Jugular foramen | located at the junction of the occipital and temporal bones, allows passage of the jugular vein.
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| Jugular vein | largest vein of the head
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| Internal acoustic meatus | located in the cranial cavity, interior to the jugular foramen, transmits cranial nerves VII and VII (facial and vestibulocochlear nerves), part of the temporal bone
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| Carotid canal | anterior to the jugular foramen on the skull’s inferior aspect, canal which the internal carotid artery runs through, part of the temporal bone
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| Internal carotid artery | supplies blood to most of the brain
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| Occipital bone | (1 bone) most posterior bone of the cranium, forms the base and the back wall of the skull, joins the parietal bones anteriorly at the lambdoid suture
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| Occipital bones | foramen magnum, occipital condyles
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| Foramen magnum | surrounds the lower part of the brain and allows the spinal cord to connect with the brain, part of the occipital bone
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| Occipital condyles | lateral to the formen magnum on each side, rest on the 1st vertebra of the spinal column, rockerlike, part of the occipital bone
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| Sphenoid bone | butterfly-shaped, spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity
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| Sphenoid bones structures | sella turca, forman ovale, optic canal, superior orbital fissure, spehoid sinuses, greater wing, lesser wing
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| Sella turcica | “Turk’s Saddle” In the midline of sphenoid bone, small depression, forms a snug enclosure for the pituitary gland, part of the sphenoid bone
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| Forman ovale | a large ovale opening in line with the posterior end of sella turicica, allows fibers of cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve) to pass to the chewing muscles of the jaw (mandible), part of the sphenoid bone
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| Optic canal | allows optical nerve to pass to the eye, part of the sphenoid bone
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| Superior orbital fissure | slit-like, opening where cranial nerves (III IV & VI) controlling eye movements pass through, part of the sphenoid bone
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| Spheniod sinuses | central part of sphenoid, air cavities, part of the sphenoid bone
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| Greater wing & Lesser wing | parts of the sphenoid bone
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| Ethmoid bone | very irregularly shaped, lies anterior to the sphenoid, forms roof off the nasal cavity and part of the medial walls of the orbits
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| Ethmoid Bones | Crista galli, Cribiform plate, Superior and middle nasal conchae
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| Crista galli | “Cock’s comb” projects from the superior surface of the ethmoid bone, outermost covering of the brain attaches to this projection, part of the ethmoid bone
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| Cribriform plates | holey area on each side of the crista galli, allow nerve fibers carrying impulses from the olfactory receptors of the nose to reach the brain, part of the ethmoid bone
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| Superior and middle nasal conchae | form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and increase the turbulence of air flowing through the nasal passages, part of the ethmoid bone
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| Where are the Sphenoid and ethmoid bones found? | behind the eyes and nose
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| Where does the Nerve for smell sit? | The nerve for smell sits in the Ethmoid
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| Fetal skull | face is small compared to cranium, skull is large compared to body ¼ of body length, bone yet remains to be ossified (converted to bone)
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| Fontanels | fibrous membranes that have not yet converted to bone but connect the cranial bones, not fully developed joints, Allows compression of skull during birth process, allows brain room to grow, all converted 22-24 months after birth
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| Facial Bones | holds the eyes in an anterior position and allow the facial muscles to show our feelings through smiles or frowns, 14 bones, twelve are paired, mandible and vomer are single
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| Maxillae | (2 maxillary bones) fuse to form the upper jaw, Comes in contact with All bones in the face except mandible, Keystone bones of face, Holds face together, Forms portion of hard palate, creates alveolar process/margins
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| Alveolar margins | “alveolar process” rim of bone at teeth, Sockets where teeth fit in
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| Palatine Process | extensions of the maxillae form anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth
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| Sinuses | drain into the nasal passage
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| Paranasal sinuses | surround the nasal cavity, lighten the skull bones and amplify the sounds we make as we speak
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| Palatine bones | 2 bones lie posterior to the palatine processes of the maxillae, forming the posterior part of the hard palate
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| Cleft palate | failure of the palatine bones or palatine process to fuse, Roof of mouth does not close, Causes high risk infection from food in the nose, Won’t be able to feed from mother because the baby won’t be able to suck
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| Zygomatic bones | 2 bones that form the cheek bones and later wall of eye socket “orbits”
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| Lacrimal bones | 2 finger nail sized bones that form part of the medial wall of each eye socket, inside the orbit, contains a groove that serves as a passageway for tears
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| Meaning of Lacrima | tear
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| Nasal bones | 2 small rectangular bones that form the bridge of the nose
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| Vomer bone | bone in the midian line of the nasal cavity, forms medial bony nasal septum (divides right from left)
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| Inferior Nasal Conchae | two thin, curved bones that form the lateral walls of nasal cavity, more bony surface area inside the nasal passages, warms and moistens air, traps bacteria, turbinate the air
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| Mandible | Lower jaw, Largest and strongest bone of face, Connects to temporal bone on each side of the face, only facial bone that does NOT touch the maxillae, Mandible and temporal bone form only freely moving joint of skull (Temporal Mandibular Joint)
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| Mandible is composed of what parts | body (chin), rami (upright bars that connect the mandible with the temporal bone and alveoli (lower teeth that lie in the alveolar process at the superior edge of the mandibular body
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| Alveolar Margin/process | part where sockets of teeth are
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| Hyoid Bone | not part of the skull, only bone that doesn’t articulate directly w/ any other bone, suspended in the midneck, anchored by ligaments to the styloid process of the temporal bones, horseshoe-shaped (body, 2 horns “cornua”), attachment point for neck muscles
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| What bones compose the Roof of the mouth | right & left maxillae, right & left palatine
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| *Orbit | eye socket made up of 6 bones
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| What 6 bones make up the orbit | frontal bone, sphenoid bone, zygomatic bone, ethmoid bone, lacrimal bone, maxillary bone, *pterygoid/Palatine (depends on the reference whether or not it is part of the orbit)
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| Hyoid Bone | only bone that doesn't attach directly to any other bone, forms a movable base for tongue, firm for the tongue, attachment point for mid-neck muscles involved in speech and swallowing, When strangled, the bone is fractured/broken
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| Vertebral Column | “the spine” the axial support of the body, extends from the skull to the pelvis, formed from 26 irregular bones connected and reinforced by ligaments resulting in a flexible and curved structure, protects spinal cord which runs through the column
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| How many vertebrae are in the spin | before birth there are 33 separate bones, but 9 fuse together leaving 24 separate vertebrae plus 1 coccyx and 1 sacrum
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| How many bones are there of each vertebrae | 7 cervical vertebrae (neck), 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae (lower back)
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| Vertebrae | bones of the spine, flexible to allow movement, Touch at facets, only contact of vertebrae above and below, extends from skull to pelvis (sacrum), 26 irregular shaped vertebrae, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
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| Shape & quantity of Cervical vertebrae | (C1-C7) concave, 7
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| Shape & quantity of thoracic vertebrae | (T1-T12) convex, 12, attach to ribs
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| Shape & quantity of lumbar vertebrae | (L1-L5), concave, 5,lower back
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| Shape and quantity of sacrum | (5 fused) 1 bone, convex
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| Coccyx | (4 fused), the tailbone
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| Intervertebral discs | pads of flexible fibrocartilage that separate each individual vertebrae, cushion and absorb shocks while allowing the spine flexibility
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| Normal Spine Curvatures | absorb shock, provide flexibility
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| primary curvatures | curvatures in the thoracic and sacral regions, present at birth
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| kyphosis | (backwards C, convex) two primary curves as in a new born baby
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| secondary curves | develop after birth, curvature in the cervical (tilt head back at 3 months) and lumbar (begin to walk) regions, allow us to center our body weight on our lower limbs, convex curve that goes the other way
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| lordosis | (looks like C, concave, arch), Pregnant women develop excessive lordosis
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| abnormal curves | scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis
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| Scoliosis | Can have “C” or “S”, Points not lining up straight, Excessive Lordosis & Kyphosis
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| Common Vertebral Anatomy | vertebral body, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen, lamina, pedicle, transverse process, spinous process, superior and inferior articular processes
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| vertebral body | weight bearing disc of bone on the anterior side of the vertebral bone
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| vertebral arch | arch of bone formed from the joining of the posterior extensions (2 pedicles (vertical walls)+ 2 lamina(slanted wall (back wall)) from the vertebral body, the ring/arch that projects from the body
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| vertebral foramen | “Spinal Canal” the opening through which the spinal cord passes
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| Lamina | Wall, inside of the ring, connected to pedicles
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| Pedicle | Wall inside of ring, wall off of the body
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| Laminectomy | Removal of lamina, Lamina has been removed
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| Transverse process | two lateral projections from vertebral arch
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| Spinous process | single projection at posterior aspect of the vertebral arch (fused lamina), allows for muscle attachment
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| Superior and inferior articular processes | “Facets” paired projections that form joints w adjacent vertebrae above and below, only place vertebrae contacts another vertebra
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| Cervical Vertebrae | C1 through C7, form the neck region of the spine
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| C1 Vertebra | “Atlas”, no vertebral body, ring of bone, makes nod "yes" motion (0 and 1 gliding together)
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| C2 Vertebra | “axis”, no vertebral body, dens “odontoid process” (anterior process) , pivots for "no" motion, axis of rotation
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| Odontoid process | Large upright process, also called dens, post of axis (C2 vertebrae)
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| C3- C7 vertebrae | typical vertebrae, smallest and lightest vertebrae, short spinous process with 2 branches (forked “bifid”), contain transverse processes that have foramina
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| Foramina | openings for vertebral arteries to pass thru, going to brain, indicative of cervical vertebrae
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| Thoracic Vertebrae | T12-T12, Typical vertebrae, Larger than cervical vertebrae, Only vertebrae to articulate w/ribs “Costal facets”, long and downward pointing spinous process, look like a giraffe’s head
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| Costal facets | 2 articulating surfaces on thoracic vertebrae, receive the heads of the ribs
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| Lumbar Vertebrae | L1-L5, Large, massive bodies made for weight bearing, holds the Most force and weight, Very sturdy, very short and square (hatchet-shaped) spinous process
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| L5 Vertebra | Articulates w/ sacrum below
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| Lumbar fusion | Screwing bolts into pedicles to straighten the lumbar vertebrae, limits motion, removes and replaces disc
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| Laminectomy | removal of the lamina
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| Sacrum | at the base of spinal column, 5 fused vertebrae, connects to L5 above and each pelvic girdle laterally (dimples in back of hips), and coccyx inferiorly, two ala, forms the posterior wall of the pelvis, median sacral crest, sacral cannal, sacral hiatus,
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| Median sacral crest | the fused spinous process of the sacral vertebrae, flanked laterally by posterior sacral foramina
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| Sacral canal | continuation of the vertebral cannal, terminates in a large inferior opening called the sacral hiatus
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| Sacral hiatus | end of the vertebral cannal/sacral cannal
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| Alae | winglike, articulate laterally with the hip bones, forming the SI joint
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| SI Joint | Sacroiliac joint, where the sacrum and the iliac contact
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| Coccyx | “tailbone”, 3-5 fused tiny irregularly shaped vertebrae, can’t put put metal in (muscles grow over to protect)
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| Thoracic (Rib) Cage | Forms a protective, cone shaped cage of slender bones around the organs of the thoracic cavity, Protects heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, Composed of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, intercostals muscles
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| Bony thorax | sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae, also reffered to as thoracic cage
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| Intercostal muscles | muscles that aid in breathing located in The spaces in between ribs
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| Sternum | (breastbone) typical Flat bone which is good for blood cell formation “hematopoiesis”, Fusion of 3 bones (manubrium, body, xiphoid process), have distinguishable landmarks, attached to first 7 pairs of ribs
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| Name the 3 fused bones in the sternum | Manubrium, Body of sternum, Xiphoid
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| Landmarks of the sternum | jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint
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| Jugular notch | concave upper border of the manubrium, Right above manubrium (little indent), easily palpated, level of the third thoracic vertebra
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| Sternal angle | Angle where manubrium and sternum meet, forms a transverse ridge, at the level of the second ribs, reference point for counting ribs, and for listening to certain heart valves
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| Xiphisternal joint | point where the sterna body and xiphoid process fuse, lies at the level of the ninth thoracic vertebra, at the bottom
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| Ribs | 12 pairs, all articulate with thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, curve downward, 1-7 are true ribs, 8-12 considered false ribs, 11-12 are floating ribs,
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| True Ribs | 1-7 ribs, directly attach to sternum by costal cartilages
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| 1st rib | looks like C (right under collar bone) clavicle and 1st rib attaches to manubrium
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| False ribs | 8-12 ribs, attach to one big piece of cartilage that extends up to sternum, indirectly attached to sternum or not at alll
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| Floating ribs | 11-12 ribs, do not attach to anything
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| Appendicular Skeleton | 126 bones of the limbs, & pectoral and pelvic girdles, includes bones of arms, pectoral girdles, legs, and pelvic girdles
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| Shoulder Girdle | Also known as pectoral (chest area) girdle, Consists of 2 bones, clavicle and scapula
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| Clavicle | collar bone, slender, doubly curved bone. Attaches to the manubrium of the sternum medially and the scapula laterally, helps to form the shoulder joint, acts as a brace to hold the arm away from the top of the thorax and to prevent shoulder dislocation
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| Scapulae | shoulder blade, triangular and commonly called wings flattened body and two important processes, the acromion and the caracoid process, loosely held onto the trunk of the body by muscles, able to slide/move on thoracic rib cage, glenoid cavity
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| Three borders and Three angles of the scupla | superior, medial (vertebral) and lateral (axillary), superior, inferior, lateral
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| Acromion | enlarged end of the spine of the scapula, connects with the clavicle laterally at the acromioclavicular joint
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| Coracoid process | beaklike, points over the top of the shoulder and anchors some of the muscles of the arm
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| Suprascapular notch | medial to the coracoid process, serves as a nerve passageway
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| Glenoid cavity | shallow socket that receives the head of the arm bone, in the lateral angle
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| Shoulder girdle & humerus joint | joint of body with the most freedom of movement
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| Sternoclavicular (SC) joint | joint between the sternum and the clavicle, Only point where shoulder girdle attaches to axial skeleton (connect clavicle to sternum),
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| Acromioclavicular Joint | joint where the acromion and clavicle connect, Move shoulders up and down, back and forth, Shoulder joint is highly flexible (lot of range of motion), Very shallow depth but easily dislocated
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| Sit of separated shoulder injury | Acromioclavicular joint
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| Bones of Upper Limb | thirty separate bones including arm, forearm, hand,
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| Arm | single bone called the humerus
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| Humerus | typical long bone, rounded head fits into the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula, Head, two bony projections, greater and lesser tubercles, surgical neck, deltoid tuberosity, radial groove, medial trochlea, capitulum
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| Processes that articulate with the forearm | trochlea, capitulum
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| Greater and lesser tubercles | site of muscle attachment
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| Deltoid tuberosity | large fleshy deltoid muscle of the shoulder attaches
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| Forearm | two bones, Radius & Ulna, radius is lateral to the ulna in anatomical position
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| Which forearm bone is lateral, which is medial | radius is lateral (thumbside), ulna is medial
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| How are the radius and ulna spatially oriented | Radius and Ulna are parallel
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| Which bone (radius or ulna) rotates over the other | Radius rotates over ulna (ulna stays stationary, radius moves)
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| What connects the radius and ulna | the interosseous membrane
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| Radial tuberosity | place where tendon of the biceps muscle attaches
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| # of Hand bones | 27 bones
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| Hand consists of what bones and how many of each | carpal bones (8 bones), metacarpals (5 bones), phalanges (14 bones)
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| Carpal bones | short bones, two irregular rows of four bones each, counted lateral to medial (thumb to pinkie), proximal followed by distal, scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
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| Some Lions try pouncing that tigers can’t handle | Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
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| Carpus | the wrist
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| Metacarpals | long ones, in the hand, all digits have a metacarpal, Pinkie finger
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| Phalanges (how many in each finger) | digits, all fingers have 3 phalanges, thumb has 2, proximal, middle, distal (in order from inside out)
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| Thumb | also called pollex, #1 in numbering, only has proximal and distal phalanges
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| Pelvic Girdle | formed by 2 coxal (hip) bones and sacrum, Large and heavy bones, Attach securely to axial skeleton at the lowermost lumbar vertebra, Deep heavy sockets for hip joint, Contain and protect reproductive organs, urinary bladder and portions of large intestine
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| Sacral Illiac SI Joint | joint where sacrum and ilium connect
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| Bony pelvis | 2 coxal bones + sacrum and coccyx, All weight of upper body rests on bony pelvis
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| Coxal Bone/Ossa Coxae | acetabulum, ilium, ishium, pubis
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| Acetabulum | the fusion of all three bones and forms deep socket of the hip, receives the head of the thigh bone
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| Ilium | place you put your hands on your hip, large flaring bone that forms most of the hip
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| Ischium | Bone you sit on, most inferior part of the coxal bone
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| Greater sciatic notchi | bone marking in the ishium that allows blood vessels and large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh
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| Pubis | Most anterior portion of pelvis (come together at front),
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| Where is the female pelvis different from male | ilia, sacrum, outlet, ishial spines, pubic arch
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| Female pelvis | is larger and more circular, shallower, lighter and thinner
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| Female ilia | flare more laterally
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| Female sacrum | is shorter and less curved than male
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| Female outlet | larger than male’s
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| Female ischial spines | are shorter and further apart compared to males, superior to the tuberosity, narrows the outlet of the pelvis
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| Female pubic arch | more rounded and the angle of the pubic arch is wider (male = acute/sharp angle)
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| **Male = more straight up and down, cylinder type longer sacrum |
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| **female = flared open, process = shorter and blunted |
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| Bones of Lower Limb | Carry our total body weight, thicker and stronger than upper limb bones, thigh leg and foot,
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| Femur | Thigh, heaviest and Strongest bone of the body
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| Leg | Tibia and Fibula, both make up the ankle bone, tibia medial, fibula lateral,
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| Tibia | (shinbone) medial and forms medial ankle bone at distal end
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| Fibula | lateral and forms lateral ankle bone at distal end
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| What bones, and # of bones in the Foot | 26 bones, 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges
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| Bones of Foot | Supports body weight, Propels us forward in walking/running, Most weight on talus and calcaneus
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| Talus | bone on top, only bone connected to tibia
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| Great toe name and numbered | (hallux) = 1
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| Pinkie toe is what number | = 5
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| All digits have what bones | metatarsal (long bones)
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| All toes have how many phalanges | 3 phalanges, great toe has 2
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| 3 arches of foot | Transverse and 2 longitudinal, lateral and medial
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| Transverse arch | under heads of metatarsals, perpendicular to longitudinal arch
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| longitudinal arch | medial and lateral
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| Calcaneus | heel bone
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| Talus | only bone that directly contact the distal end of tibia
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| Which bones carry most of the body’s weight | Calcaneus and talus carry most of body’s weight
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|
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