Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or

show password
Forgot Password?

Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or

Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account.
Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.


Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.

Randon stuff from notes

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Question
Answer
What are the functins of the integumentary system?   Protection, Body temp regulation, sensation, Metabolic functions, excretion, absorption  
🗑
How is body temp regulation accomplished by the skin?   Dialation (cooling), and constriction (warming) of dermal vessels Sweating, hair standing up  
🗑
What sense touch and pain in the skin?   Exoreceptors  
🗑
What is a metabolic function of the skin?   Synthesis of Vitamin D  
🗑
What are the three major regions of the skin?   Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis  
🗑
What is the most superficial major region of the skin?   Epidermis  
🗑
What is the middle major region of the skin?   Dermis  
🗑
What is the deepest major region of the skin?   Hypodermis  
🗑
What layer of the skin is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?   Epidermis  
🗑
What type of cells will you find in the epidermis?   Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells  
🗑
Epidermis-outer portion of the skin functions in ____________?   Protection  
🗑
What do Keratinocytes produce?   Keratin  
🗑
What do Melanocytes produce?   Melanin  
🗑
Macrophages that activate the immune system are called what?   Langerhans' cells  
🗑
What are Merkel cells?   touch receptors  
🗑
What are the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial?   stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum  
🗑
The ______________ is the deepest epidermal layer   stratum basale  
🗑
The stratum basale consists of a _____________ row of the youngest keratinocytes   single  
🗑
In stratum basale cells undergo ___________________ division   rapid  
🗑
What layer of the epidermis has cells that contain a weblike system of intermidiate filaments attached to desmosomes?   stratum spinosum  
🗑
The stratum Spinosum is the layer where ________________ are filled with keratin   keratinocytes  
🗑
Thin band superficial to the stratum granulosum   stratum lucidum  
🗑
Would you find stratum lucidum in thick or thin skin?   thick  
🗑
Stratum lucidum consists of a few rows of flat, dead ______________   keratinocytes  
🗑
What layer of the epidermis is the outermost layer of keratinized cells?   stratum corneum  
🗑
The stratum corneum accouts for how much of the epidermis   3/4  
🗑
What are functions of the stratum corneum?   Waterproofing, protects from abrasion and penetration  
🗑
What layer of the skin contains strong, flexible connective tissue, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells?   Dermis  
🗑
What are the layers of the dermis?   papillary and reticular  
🗑
What layer of the dermis is aerolar tisssue with collagen and elastic fibera   Papillary layer  
🗑
In the papillary layer of the dermis the superior surface contains projections called papillae which contain _______________ and sensory receptors   capillary loops  
🗑
What do the dermal pappilae cause?   epidermal ridges (friction ridges)  
🗑
Sweat pores around the epidermal ridges make what   fingerprints  
🗑
The reticular layer of the dermis is __% the thickness of the skin?   80%  
🗑
collagen fibers add ____________   strength  
🗑
elastin fibers provide __________   flexibility  
🗑
Why are cleavage lines important for surgons?   The skin gapes less and heals more readily when cut along these lines  
🗑
What is the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin?   Hypodermis  
🗑
What types of tissue is the hypodermis composed of?   adipose and areolar connective tissue  
🗑
What 3 pigments contribute to skin color?   melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin  
🗑
what pigment is yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment   melanin  
🗑
what pigment is yellow to orange   carotene  
🗑
what pigment is red   hemoglobin  
🗑
Blue skin could indicate heart failure or severe respiratory disorders what is this called   cyanosis  
🗑
pale skin could indicate low blood pressure or anemia what is this called   pallor  
🗑
yellow skin could indicate liver problems what is this called   jaundice  
🗑
bronze skin is a sign of Addisons diease, a hormonal imbalace what is this called?   bronzing  
🗑
A _____________ on the skin shows internal bleeding   bruise  
🗑
Different types of __________ glands prevent overheating of the body, secrete wax, and milk   sweat  
🗑
Where can you find eccrine sweat glands, and what do they secrete   you can find eccrine glands all over, and they secrete water  
🗑
______________sweat glands are found in the axillary and genital areas, and secrete proteins that cause body odor   apocrine  
🗑
____________glands are modified glands in the ear canal and secrete wax   Ceruminous  
🗑
Mammary glands are speciailized glands that secrete ____________   milk  
🗑
What are simple alveolar glands found all over the body, soften skin when simulated by hormones?   sebacous glands  
🗑
Sebaceous glands secerete an oily secretion called ___________   sebum  
🗑
What is hair?   strands of dead keratinized clles produced by hair follicles  
🗑
Hair contains _____________ keratin   hard  
🗑
Hair is made up of the ______________ projecting from the skin, and the root embedded in the skin   shaft  
🗑
What are functions of the hair?   help maintain warmth, sensory, guard the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight  
🗑
Hair thinning in both sexes is called?   alopecia  
🗑
male pattern baldness is caused by folliular response to ___________   DHT  
🗑
true, or frank, baldness is ____________ determined and sex influenced condition   genetically  
🗑
______________ can absorb UV rays and protect skin   melanin  
🗑
Sun damage causes clumping of _____________ fibers and can cause leathery skin   elastic  
🗑
What are the 3 major types of skin cancer   basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma  
🗑
What is the most common type of skin cancer, but the least malignant   basal cell carcinoma  
🗑
is basal cell carcinoma slow or fast growing   slow  
🗑
Basal cell carcinoma can be surgically removed in ___% of the cases   99  
🗑
What is the 2nd most common skin cancer?   squamous cell carcinoma  
🗑
Squamous cell carcinoma arises from cells of the stratum _____________   spinosum  
🗑
Does squamous cell carcinoma grow slowly or rapidly if not removed?   rapidly  
🗑
Is prognosis good or bad if squamous cell carcinoma is treated by a radiation therapy or removed surgically   good  
🗑
What is the most dangerous type of skin cancer?   melanoma  
🗑
what type of skin cancer is highly metastic and resistant to chemotherapy   melanoma  
🗑
how is melanoma treated?   by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy  
🗑
The cance of survivial is poor if the melanoma lesion is over ____mm thick   4  
🗑
What is the ABCD rule for characteristicis of melanomass?   A: Asymmetry the two sides pigmented area do not match B: Border is irregular and exhibits indentations C: Color (pigmented area) is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue D:Diameter is larger than 6mm(size of a pencil eraser)  
🗑
In a first degree burn the ___________ is damaged   epidermis  
🗑
What are the symptoms of a 1st degree burn   localized redness, swelling, and pain  
🗑
In second degree burns what parts of the skin are damaged   epidermis and upper regions of the dermis  
🗑
Symptoms of second degree burns mimic first degree burns, but _________ also appear   blisters  
🗑
In ____________ degree burns the entire thickness of the skin is damaged   third  
🗑
What are the symptoms of 3rd degree burns   burned area appears gray-white, cherry red, or black; there is no inital edema or pain (since nerve endings are destroyed)  
🗑
Bones of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage are part of the ____________ skeleton   axial  
🗑
What is the function of the axial skeleton   protection  
🗑
Bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip are part of the ____________ skeleton   appendicular  
🗑
What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?   movement  
🗑
How would you describe a long bone?   longer than wide  
🗑
How would you describe a short bone?   roughly cube shaped  
🗑
How would you describe a flat bone?   thin flattened and usually curved  
🗑
How would you descirbe an irregular bone?   A complicated shape that isn't flat, short, or long  
🗑
What are the functions of bone?   support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation  
🗑
What are the ends of a long bone called?   epiphyses  
🗑
what is the shaft of a long bone called   diaphysis  
🗑
In a long bone ____________ bone surrounds the fat filled medullary cavity   compact  
🗑
In the epiphyses the exterior is ________ bone and the interior is ________ bone, and the joint surface is covered with____________   exterior is compact bone, interior is spongy bone, and the joint surface is covered with a thin layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage  
🗑
____________ is a double layered protective membrane   periosteum  
🗑
delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone   endosteum  
🗑
In the microscopic structure of bone the ______________ is the structural unit of compact bone   Haversian system or osteon  
🗑
What is the haversian or central canal?   central channel containing blood vessels and nerves  
🗑
The ____________ connect blood supply of the periosteum to the central canal   volkmanns canals  
🗑
____________ are mature bone cells   osteocytes  
🗑
___________ are small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes   lacunae  
🗑
______________ are hairlike canals that connect lacune to each other and the central canal   canaliculi  
🗑
____________ are bone building cells   osteoblasts  
🗑
____________ are mature bone cells   osteocytes  
🗑
___________ cut and dissolve (break down) bone   osteoclasts  
🗑
___________ are unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoprteins, and collagen   osteoid  
🗑
Collagen gives ________ to bones   flexibility  
🗑
Mineral salts, maainly calcuim phosphate makes up 65% of bone by mass, what is it responsibile for in bones?   hardness  
🗑
osteogenesis and ossification is the process of ______________   bone formation  
🗑
___________ leads to the formation of the bony skeleton in embryos, bone growth until early adulthood, bone thickness, remodeling, and repair   osteogenesis and ossification  
🗑
formation of the bony skeleton begins at _______ weeks of embroy development   8  
🗑
___________ bone develops from a fibrous membrane   intramembranous  
🗑
____________ bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage   endochondral  
🗑
What are the stages of intramembranous ossification   an ossification center appears, bone matrix is secreted, woven bone and peristeum form, bone collar forms, and red marrow appears  
🗑
Intramembranous ossification bones form from the ___________ out, and make __________ bones   bones form from the inside out, and make flat bones  
🗑
begins in the second month of development, uses hyaline cartilage "bones" as models for bone construction, requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification   endochondral ossification  
🗑
_____________ ossification makes long bones, and is formed from the ________ in   endochondral and makes bones from the outside in  
🗑
What are the stages of endochondral ossification?   formation of bone collar, cavitation (dying) of the hyaline cartilage, blood supply comes inside the bone, and spongy bone formation, medullary cavity formed secondary ossification centers, ossification of the epiphyses  
🗑
What are the functional zones in long bone growth?   growth zone, hypertropic, calcification zone, osteogenic zone  
🗑
In the growth zone of long bones cartilage cells ________, pushing the epiphysis up   divide  
🗑
In the hypertrophic zone of long bone the older cells __________   enlarge  
🗑
In the calcification zone of long bone the matrix becomes ___________   calcified  
🗑
in the osteogenic zone of long bone there is new bone ___________   formation  
🗑
for long bones to grow in length ____________ continually grows and is replaced by bone   cartilage  
🗑
__________ is where bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth   remodeling  
🗑
bones ____________ with appposition growth   widen  
🗑
in interstititial growth bones __________   lengthen  
🗑
during infancy and childhood bone growth is stimulated by _______________   growth hormone  
🗑
during puberty testosterone and estroges cause ______________, ___________, and ____________   growth spurts masculinization and feminization epiphyseal plate closure  
🗑
the ___________ and _______________- deposit and resorb bone   osteoblasts (build) and osteoclasts (cut)  
🗑
Bone deposition occurs where bone is injured or added ____________ is needed   strength  
🗑
Osteoclasts form ____________ bays   resorption  
🗑
Osteoclasts secrete lysosonal enzymes that digest _________________, and acids that convert _______________   digest organic matrix, and convert calcium salts  
🗑
Dissolved matrix is ______________ across the cell where it is secreted into the interstitial fluid and then into the blood   transcytosed  
🗑
What are the two control loops that regulate bone remodeling   hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostatsis in the blood mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton  
🗑
What two hormones are involved in controling calcium levels in bone?   calcitonin and PTH (parathyroid hormone)  
🗑
Rising blood calcium levels trigger the thyroid to release ___________ and then it stimulates ____________   calcitonin which stimulates osteoblasts  
🗑
falling blood calcium levels signal the parathyroid glands to release ______, which signal ______________to degrade bone   PTH which signals osteoclasts  
🗑
____________ says a bone grows or remodels in response to the stress or demands placed upon it   Wolff's law  
🗑
Long bones are thickest _______   midway along the shaft  
🗑
Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to   buckle  
🗑
trabeculae form along lines of   stress  
🗑
large bony projections occur where ________ muscles attach   big  
🗑
What are the stages of healing a bone fracture   1. hematoma forms 2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. bony callus formation 4. bone remodeling  
🗑
During _______________ torn blood vessels hemorrhage and the site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed   hematoma formation  
🗑
when ___________ forms granulation tissue (soft callus) forms, capillaries grow into the tissue and cells begin cleaning debris   fibrocartilaginous calllus  
🗑
durning ____________ formation new bone trabeculae appear in the fibrocartiaginous callus, the fibrocartilaginous callus converts into a bony (hard) callus of spongy bone, beings 3-4 weeks after injury and continues until firm union is formed 2-3 months   bony callus formation  
🗑
in _____________ excess material on the bone shaft exterior and in the medullary canal is removed, compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls   bone remodeling  
🗑
what homeostatic imbalace causes bone of children to be inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones which causes bowed legs, deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage   rickets  
🗑
What causes rickets   insufficient calcium in the diet or Vitamin D deficiency  
🗑
______________ is when bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit occurs most often in postmenopausal women   osteoporosis  
🗑
Spongy bone of the ____________ is most vulnerable when you have osteoporosis   spine  
🗑
When you have osteoporosis bones become so fragile that ________________ or stepping off a curb can cause fractures   sneezing  
🗑
What is the treatment for osteoporosis?   calcium and vitamin D supplments, increased weight bearing exercise, natural progesterone cream, statins increase bone mineral desity, hormone replacement therapy slows bone loss  
🗑
How are bone fractures classified?   The position of the bone ends after fracture, and the orientation of the break to the long axis  
🗑
They type of fracture where bone ends retain their normal position   nondisplaced  
🗑
The type of fracture where bone ends are out of alignment   displaced  
🗑
bone is broken all the way through   complete  
🗑
bone is broken but not all the way through   incomplete  
🗑
the fracture is to the long axis of the bone   linear  
🗑
the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone   transverse  
🗑
bone ends penetrate the skin   Compound (open)  
🗑
bone ends do not penetrate the skin   simple(closed)  
🗑
bone fragments into 3 or more pieces   comminuted  
🗑
ragged break when bone is excessively twisted   spiral  
🗑
broken bone portion pressed inward   depressed  
🗑
___________ fractures are common in the elderly   comminuted  
🗑
__________ fractures are a common sports injury   spiral  
🗑
________fracutures are a typical skull fracture   depressed  
🗑
bone is crushed, common in porous bones   compression  
🗑
the type of break where the epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line, occurs where cartilage cells are dying   epiphyseal  
🗑
incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends common in children   greenstick  
🗑
What is the weakest part of the skeleton   articulations (joints0  
🗑
What is an articulation   a site where two or more bone meet  
🗑
What are the functions of joints   give the skeleton mobility hold the skeleton together  
🗑
What are the 3 structural classifications of joints   fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial  
🗑
What are fibrous joints made of   fiber  
🗑
what are cartilaginous joints made of   cartilage  
🗑
what are 3 functional classes of joints   synathroses, amphiathroses, and diarthroses  
🗑
immovable joints are called   synarthroses  
🗑
slightly movable joints are called   amphiarthroses  
🗑
freelely movable joints are called   diarthroses  
🗑
in fibrous structural joints bones are joined by _________ tissues   fibrous  
🗑
____________ are fibrous joints and occur between the bones of the skull   sutures  
🗑
______________joints bind bones tightly together but allow for expansion during youth   fibrous  
🗑
_____________ is a fibrous tooth joint   gomphoses  
🗑
cartilaginous joints is where bones are united together by ____________   cartilage  
🗑
cartilaginous joints are designed for strength and ____________   flexibility  
🗑
synovial joints are where bones are separated by a fluid filled ____________   cavity  
🗑
What do all synovial joints have   articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nevers and blood vessels  
🗑
___________ are flattened, fibrous saces lined with synovial membranes and contain synovial fluid   Bursae  
🗑
Where is bursae common?   where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together  
🗑
_______________ are elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon   tendon sheath  
🗑
tendon sheats allow muscles to __________ easier   contract  
🗑
__________ joints are cylindrical projectinos of one bone fitting into a trough shaped surface on another   hinge  
🗑
In hinge joints motion is along a _______ plane   single  
🗑
hinge joints allow ________ and extension only   flexion  
🗑
the elbow is a _______ joint that allows flexion and extension only   hinge  
🗑
_______ joins allow only slipping or gliding movements and where articular surfaces are essentally flat   plane  
🗑
__________ joints are where a rounded end of one bone fits into a "sleeve" or ring, composed of bone (and ligaments) of another   pivot  
🗑
In pivot joints only __________ movement is allowed   uniaxial  
🗑
___________ joints are where oval articular surface of one bone fites into a complementary depression in another   condyloid or elliposoidal  
🗑
in condyloid or ellipsoidal joints both articular surfaces are _______   oval  
🗑
Condyloid or elliposoidal joints are ___________ which permit all angular motions   biaxial joints  
🗑
___________joints are similar to condyloid joints but allow for greater movement   saddle  
🗑
in __________ joints each articular surface has both a concave and convex surface   saddle  
🗑
A _____________ joint has a spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike of another   ball and socket  
🗑
Ball and socket joints are ___________ joints that permit movement in all directions   multiaxial  
🗑
ball and socket joints are the most ________ moving joints   freely  
🗑
what part of the body has the most freely moving joint in the body that is also the weakest   shoulder  
🗑
what is the largest joint in the body   knee  
🗑
The knee joint is ________ joints in one surrounded by a single joint cavity   three  
🗑
the synovial joint in the knee allows _________, ______, and some ______   flexion, extension, and some rotation  
🗑
in a sprain the ____________ reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn   ligaments  
🗑
partially torn ligaments __________ themselves   slowly repair  
🗑
completely torn ligaments require ___________   prompt surgical repair  
🗑
__________ occur when bones are forced out of alignment   dislocations  
🗑
dislocations are usually accompanied by _____, __________, and joint immobilization   sprains, inflammation  
🗑
___________ are caused by serious falls and are a common sports injury   dislocations  
🗑
__________ is an inflammation of a bursa, usually casued by a blow or friction   bursitis  
🗑
what are the symptoms of bursitis   pain and swelling  
🗑
how is bursitis treated   anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive fluid may be aspirated  
🗑
___________ is inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse   tendonitis  
🗑
what is the most widspread crippling disease in the US, and has more than 100 different types   arthritis  
🗑
what are symptoms of arthritis   pain, stifness, and swelling of a joint  
🗑
acute forms of arthritis are caused by ____________ and are treated with _____________   bacterial invasion treated with antibiotics  
🗑
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthrits are ________ forms of arthritis   chronic  
🗑
__________ is the most common chronic arthritis and is often called "wear and tear" arthritis   osteoarthritis (OA)  
🗑
osteoarthritis is probably related to the __________ process   normal aging  
🗑
Does osteoarthritis affect more men or women   women  
🗑
As one ages __________ is destroyed more quickly than it is replaced   cartilage  
🗑
what are the joints most affected by OA   spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, and hips  
🗑
OA is __________ and irreversible   slow  
🗑
What are treatments of OA   mild pain relievers, moderate activity, magnetic therapy, glucosamine sulfate (decreases pain and inflammation)  
🗑
What is a chronic, inflammatory disease that usually arises between the ages of 40 and 50   Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)  
🗑
what are signs and symptoms of RA   joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems  
🗑
What is the treatment of RA   conservative therapy-aspiriin, long term use of antibiotics, and PT progressive treatment- anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants enbril neutralizes the harmful properties of inflammatory disease  
🗑


   

Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
 
To hide a column, click on the column name.
 
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
 
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
 
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.

 
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how
Created by: vuaandp
Popular Anatomy sets