Skin and Body Membranes
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| Stratum Basale | Lies closest to the dermis and contains epidermal cells that receive the most adequate nourishment from the dermis.
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| Stratum Spinosum | Thickest layer and made from cells in the basale layer.
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| Stratum Granulosum | Cells become flatter and more full of keratin.
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| Stratum Lucidum | Dead kerantinized cells and is found where skin is hairless and thick.
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| Stratum Corneum | 20 to 30 cell layers thick. Completely filled with keratin and called cornified cells.
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| Define Epidermis and name the five zones. | It is the top layer of skin and is avascular. Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum and Stratum Corneum.
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| Melanocytes | Found in the stratum basale. Produces melanin; which determines your skin color.
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| Define dermis and name the two major regions. | Strong stretch covering that helps hold the body together. Papillary Layer and Reticular Layer.
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| Papillary Layer | The upper dermal region, uneven and has fingerlike projections from its superior surface called dermal papillae.
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| Reticular Layer | Deepest skin layer, contains sweat and oil glands. Phagocytes are found here. Has deep pressure receptors - Pacinian Corpuscles.
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| Kertinocytes | Keratin cells - produce keratin - proteins that make the epidermis very hard.
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| Phagocytes | Eat bacteria that enter skin through a wound.
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| What are body membranes and what are the two types? | Body membranes cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs. The two types are epithelial and connective tissue membranes.
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| Epithelial Membranes | Include cutaneous, mucous and serous membranes. They cover and line surface areas.
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| Cutaneous Membrane | Skin. Top - Epidermis ; Bottom - Dermis. The only dry membrane.
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| Mucous Membrane | Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior. ; Epithelium that rests on loose connective tissue membrane called lamina propria. ; Wet membrane.
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| Serous Membrane | Lines all body cavities that close to the exterior. ; A layer of simple squamous epithelium. ; Occurs in pairs of layers - parietal and visceral.
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| Connective Tissue Membranes | Includes synovial membrane. Cushions and provides lubrication.
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| Synovial Membrane | Lining fibrous capsules that line joints. ; Soft aerolar connective tissue. ; Cushions.
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| What are some key functions of skin? | Protection and covering, insulation, and cushioning.
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| What is the integumentary system comprised of? | Skin, sweat and oil glands, hair, and nails.
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| Keratin | Cornified(hardened) layer that prevents water loss.
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| Cutaneous Sensory Receptors | Part of the nervous sytem - able to sense touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
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| What two tissues is skin made of? | Epidermis and Dermis.
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| Which epidermal layer receives the most nutrients? | Stratum basale. ; via diffusion of nutrients from the dermis. These cells are constantly undergoing cell divison.
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| Dermal Papillae - types of receptors and what they do. | They indent the epidermis above. Receptors: Capillaries which give epidermis nutrients. ; Pain receptors (free nerve endings) ; Touch receptors (Meissner's Corupuscles)
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| What creates fingerprints? | Papillae. Well provided with sweat pores and leave films of sweat.
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| What are the three pigments that contribute to skin color? | 1) Amount and kinf of melanin in epidermis. 2) Amount of carotene deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous layer. 3) The amount of oxygen-rich hemoglobin in the dermal blood vessels.
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| What are skin appendages? | Cutaneous glands, hair, hair follices and nails.
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| What are the two groups of cutaneous glands? | Sebasceous glands (oil glands) and Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands).
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| Sebaceous Glands | Oil glands. ; All over except palms of hands and soles of feet. Attached to a hair follicle. ; Sebum - lubricates the skin and keeps it soft and moist.
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| Eccrine Sweat Glands | Found all over the body and not associated with hair. ; Sweat - stops growth for bacteria.
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| Apocrine Sweat Glands | Axillary and genital areas. Associated with hair. ; Sweat + fatty acids + proteins - thermoregulation, activated during pain, stress, and sexual foreplay.
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| What is the purpose of hair? | To protect.
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| Hair Follicle | Produced hair. Flexible, epithelial structure.
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| Epidermal Sheath | Forms hair.
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| Dermal Sheath | Supplies blood.
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| Papilla | At the root of a hair.
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| Root | Part of the hair enclosed in the follicle.
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| Shaft | Part coming out from the surface of the skin.
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| Matrix/growth zone | Where cells for hair are made. (Hair Bulb)
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| Medulla | Central core of hair.
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| Cortex | Layer outside of Medulla.
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| Cuticle | Surrounds the cortex. Single layer of cells that overlap.
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| Arrector Pilli | Small bands of smooth muscle cells that connect to each side of the hair follice.
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| What is a nail? | Scalelike modification of the epidermis.
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| Nail Bed | Stratum basale that extends beneath the nail.
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| Nail Matrix | Thickened area responsible for nail growth.
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| Lunula | White, crescent part of nail.
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