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Chapter 4
Skin and Body Membranes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stratum Basale | Lies closest to the dermis and contains epidermal cells that receive the most adequate nourishment from the dermis. |
| Stratum Spinosum | Thickest layer and made from cells in the basale layer. |
| Stratum Granulosum | Cells become flatter and more full of keratin. |
| Stratum Lucidum | Dead kerantinized cells and is found where skin is hairless and thick. |
| Stratum Corneum | 20 to 30 cell layers thick. Completely filled with keratin and called cornified cells. |
| Define Epidermis and name the five zones. | It is the top layer of skin and is avascular. Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum and Stratum Corneum. |
| Melanocytes | Found in the stratum basale. Produces melanin; which determines your skin color. |
| Define dermis and name the two major regions. | Strong stretch covering that helps hold the body together. Papillary Layer and Reticular Layer. |
| Papillary Layer | The upper dermal region, uneven and has fingerlike projections from its superior surface called dermal papillae. |
| Reticular Layer | Deepest skin layer, contains sweat and oil glands. Phagocytes are found here. Has deep pressure receptors - Pacinian Corpuscles. |
| Kertinocytes | Keratin cells - produce keratin - proteins that make the epidermis very hard. |
| Phagocytes | Eat bacteria that enter skin through a wound. |
| What are body membranes and what are the two types? | Body membranes cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs. The two types are epithelial and connective tissue membranes. |
| Epithelial Membranes | Include cutaneous, mucous and serous membranes. They cover and line surface areas. |
| Cutaneous Membrane | Skin. Top - Epidermis ; Bottom - Dermis. The only dry membrane. |
| Mucous Membrane | Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior. ; Epithelium that rests on loose connective tissue membrane called lamina propria. ; Wet membrane. |
| Serous Membrane | Lines all body cavities that close to the exterior. ; A layer of simple squamous epithelium. ; Occurs in pairs of layers - parietal and visceral. |
| Connective Tissue Membranes | Includes synovial membrane. Cushions and provides lubrication. |
| Synovial Membrane | Lining fibrous capsules that line joints. ; Soft aerolar connective tissue. ; Cushions. |
| What are some key functions of skin? | Protection and covering, insulation, and cushioning. |
| What is the integumentary system comprised of? | Skin, sweat and oil glands, hair, and nails. |
| Keratin | Cornified(hardened) layer that prevents water loss. |
| Cutaneous Sensory Receptors | Part of the nervous sytem - able to sense touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. |
| What two tissues is skin made of? | Epidermis and Dermis. |
| Which epidermal layer receives the most nutrients? | Stratum basale. ; via diffusion of nutrients from the dermis. These cells are constantly undergoing cell divison. |
| Dermal Papillae - types of receptors and what they do. | They indent the epidermis above. Receptors: Capillaries which give epidermis nutrients. ; Pain receptors (free nerve endings) ; Touch receptors (Meissner's Corupuscles) |
| What creates fingerprints? | Papillae. Well provided with sweat pores and leave films of sweat. |
| What are the three pigments that contribute to skin color? | 1) Amount and kinf of melanin in epidermis. 2) Amount of carotene deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous layer. 3) The amount of oxygen-rich hemoglobin in the dermal blood vessels. |
| What are skin appendages? | Cutaneous glands, hair, hair follices and nails. |
| What are the two groups of cutaneous glands? | Sebasceous glands (oil glands) and Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands). |
| Sebaceous Glands | Oil glands. ; All over except palms of hands and soles of feet. Attached to a hair follicle. ; Sebum - lubricates the skin and keeps it soft and moist. |
| Eccrine Sweat Glands | Found all over the body and not associated with hair. ; Sweat - stops growth for bacteria. |
| Apocrine Sweat Glands | Axillary and genital areas. Associated with hair. ; Sweat + fatty acids + proteins - thermoregulation, activated during pain, stress, and sexual foreplay. |
| What is the purpose of hair? | To protect. |
| Hair Follicle | Produced hair. Flexible, epithelial structure. |
| Epidermal Sheath | Forms hair. |
| Dermal Sheath | Supplies blood. |
| Papilla | At the root of a hair. |
| Root | Part of the hair enclosed in the follicle. |
| Shaft | Part coming out from the surface of the skin. |
| Matrix/growth zone | Where cells for hair are made. (Hair Bulb) |
| Medulla | Central core of hair. |
| Cortex | Layer outside of Medulla. |
| Cuticle | Surrounds the cortex. Single layer of cells that overlap. |
| Arrector Pilli | Small bands of smooth muscle cells that connect to each side of the hair follice. |
| What is a nail? | Scalelike modification of the epidermis. |
| Nail Bed | Stratum basale that extends beneath the nail. |
| Nail Matrix | Thickened area responsible for nail growth. |
| Lunula | White, crescent part of nail. |
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isohal
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