A &P - Chap 3
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| cell | structural unit of all living things
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| cell theory (4) | 1. structural unit of life 2. organism is dependent on its cells 3. principle of complementarity 4. continuity of life has a cellular basis
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| principle of complementarity | cell activity is made possible by subcellular structures
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| 3 functions of plasma membrane | transporting things across membrane, interacting with other cells, generation and maintenance of a resting membrane potential
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| fluid mosaic model | membrane is fluid bilayer of phospholipids and protein molecules
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| integral proteins, function? | firmly inserted in lipid bilayer, transmembrane proteins
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| glycolipids | externally facing lipid molecules attached to sugar groups
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| peripheral proteins | not embedded in lipids, usually appended to exposed parts of integral proteins
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| glycocalex | sticky area at cell surface
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| microvilli | fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane that project from cell surface
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| tight junctions, how permeable? | protein molecules in adjacent cell membranes fuse together like a zipper, impermeable
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| desmosomes, held together by what? | mechanical couplings along the sides of adjacent cells to prevent their separation, held together by glycoprotein filaments
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| gap junctions function? | to allow direct passage of substances between cels
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| by what are cells connected in gap junctions? | connexons (transmembrane proteins)
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| interstitial fluid | extracellular fluid constantly bathing our cells
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| selectively permeable | allows some substances to pass through but not all
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| diffusion | tendency of molecules or ions to scatter themselves evenly throughout an environment
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| concentration gradient | molecules diffuse down this, from greater to lower
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| osmosis | diffusion of water
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| osmolarity | the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
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| hydrostatic pressure | pressure exerted by water against the membrane
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| osmotic pressure | tendency to resist further water entry
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| tonicity | ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering their internal water volume
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| isotonic | normal
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| hypertonic leads to | crenation
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| hypotonic leads to | lyse
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| facilitated diffusion | protein carrier molecules allow particles to pass membrane
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| filtration | process by which water and solutes are forced through a body membrane by the hydrostatic pressure of blood
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| active transport (solute pumping) | requires ATP
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| passive transport | run by kinetic energy
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| solute pumps | mediate active transport against thr concentration gradient
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| K+ | intracellular
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| Na+ | extracellular
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| sodium-potassium ATPase | an ATP driven sodium-potassium pump that simultaneously moves both ions across membrane
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| 2 types of bulk transport | exocytosis, endocytosis
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| exocytosis | substances are moved from interior to exterior
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| endocytosis | substances are moved into the cell
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| 3 types of endocytosis | phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
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| phagocytosis | cell eats solid material
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| phagosome | membranous sac containing solid material eaten by cell
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| amoeboid motion | the flowing of cytoplasm into temporary pseudopods
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| pinocytosis | cell drinking
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| receptor mediated endocytosis | receptors on membrane only bind with certain molecules
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| clathrin | coats the receptor mediated endocytosis
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| membrane potential | voltage
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| cell's resting membrane potential? | -20 to -200 millivolts
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| all cells are said to be ______ | polarized (cell is negative compared to environment)
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| cytosol | viscous fluid of the cytoplasm
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| inclusions | non functioning units inside the cell (ex: fat, glycogen granules)
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| 2 functions of mitochondria | site of ATP synthase, powerhouse of cell
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| 1 function of ribosomes | sites of protein synthesis
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| 2 functions of rough ER | proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to golgi, external synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol
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| smooth ER is site of 3 things? | lipid/steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, drug detoxification
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| 1 function of lysosomes | site of intracellular digestion
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| 1 function of peroxisomes | enzymes detoxify toxic substances
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| microfilaments, size and made of? | fine filaments, protein actin
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| intermediate filaments, what kind of fibers and composition? | protein fibers, composition varies
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| microtubules structure & made of? | cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins
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| 2 functions of centrioles | forms mitotic spindle and asters, bases of cillia and flagella
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| 1 function of cillia | movement
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| 1 function of flagella | movement
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| 3 functions of nucleus | control center, transmits genetic information, provides instruction for protein synthesis
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| 1 function of nucleoli | site of ribosome manufacture
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| 2 functions of nuclear membrane | separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm, regulates passage of substances to and from nucleus
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| 1 function of chromatin, composed of 2 things? | DNA constitutes the genes, DNA and histone proteins
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| secretory vesicles | discharge by exocytosis
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| basal bodies | centrioles forming the bases of cillia and flagella
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| nucleoplasm | colloidal fluid that holds chromatin and nucleoli
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| nucleosomes | spherical clusters of 8 histones connected by a DNA molecule
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| 4 cell life cycle stages? | G1 - S - G2 - Mitosis
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| G1 (growth 1) | rapid growth and metabolic activity
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| which 3 cell life cycles are interphase? | G1 - S - G2
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| interphase is... | total period from cell formation to cell division
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| S (synthetic) | growth and DNA replication
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| G2 (growth 2) | enzymes and proteins needed for division are synthesized and moved to their positions
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| semiconservative replication (3 things) | 2 DNA molecules are formed, are original to the original DNA helix, and each contains 1 new and 1 old nucleotide strand
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| order of M phase (5 steps) | prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase - cytokinesis
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| mitosis | parcel out replicated DNA of mother cell into 2 daughter cells
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| cleavage furrow, 2 types of microfilaments | during cytokinesis, actin and myosin
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| benign neoplasm | local tumor
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| malignant neoplasms | cancerous cells
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| metastasis | ability to break from mother tumor and travel to other body organs
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| early prophase (1) | chromatin threads become chromosomes
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| late prophase (3) | mitotic spindle forms, spindle attaches to kinetochores, nuclear membrane dissolves
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| metaphase (1) | chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
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| anaphase (2) | centromeres are split, chromosomes split
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| telophase (3) | chromosomes go back to threadlike chromatin, nuclear membranes form, mitotic spindle dissolves
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| triplet | a "word" that specifies a specific amino acid
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| genetic code | rules by which base sequence of a DNA gene are translated into protein structure
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| protein structure = | amino acid sequence
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| rRNA | forms part of the ribosomes
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| mRNA (3 steps) | forms "half DNA molecules" (codons), leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosome, translation begins
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| tRNA (3 steps) | becomes aminoacyl-tRNA, bonds via anticodon to mRNA codon sequence on ribosome, is released and ready to be recharged
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| transcription occurs... | inside nucleus
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| translation occurs... | cytoplasm
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| codon | corresponding 3 base sequence on mRNA to a triplet
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| transcription | transfer of info from DNA to mRNA
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| translation | base sequences are translated into amino acid sequences
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| anticodon | 3 base sequence on tRNA complementary to mRNA codon
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| hyperplasia | accelerated growth
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| atrophy | a decrease in size of an organ or body tissue
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