WHS A&P Vocabulary Introduction
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| anatomy | structure of an organism
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| physiology | the study of the functions of an organism
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| homeostasis | the relatively stable state of equilibrium of an organism and its parts
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| anatomical position | standard position in which the body is facing forward, feet are parallel, and the arms are at the sides with palms facing forward
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| pathology | the study of disease
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| negative feedback | mechanism of homeostasis that tends to stabilize a process by reducing its rate or output
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| positive feedback | mechanism of homeostasis feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output
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| frontal plane | plane that divides the body into front and back sections
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| transverse plane | plane that divides the body into top and bottome sections
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| sagittal plane | plane that divides the body into left and right sections
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| midsagittal plane | plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
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| body cavity | a hollow place or space within the body or one of its organs
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| receptor | a sensory nerve ending that receives information about a stimulus
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| effector | an organ that produces a response based on information from the control center
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| control center | brain or spinal cord, where information from a stimulus is processed and a response generated
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| supine | lying on the back, palms and face upward
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| prone | lying on the stomach, palms and face downward
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| x-ray | image created by sending electromagnetic radiation through body parts, solid parts appear white
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| MRI | abbreviation for magnetic resonance imaging, uses a large circular magnet and radio waves to generate signals from atoms in the body creating images of internal structures
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| CAT Scan | abbreviation for computerized axial tomography, uses a computer and a rotating x-ray device to create detailed, cross-sectional images, or slices, of organs and body parts
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| ultrasound | sound waves pass through the body producing echoes, which can identify distance, size and shape of internal structures
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| abdominopelvic quadrant | two lines intersecting through the bellybutton creating four equal regions of the torso below the diaphragm
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| superior | above or on top
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| inferior | below or under
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| cranial | toward the head, a.k.a. cephalic
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| cephalic | toward the head, a.k.a. cranial
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| caudal | toward the tailbone
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| anterior | front, a.k.a. ventral
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| posterior | back, a.k.a. dorsal
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| ventral | stomach side
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| dorsal | back side
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| medial | toward the midline of the body
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| lateral | away from the midline of the body
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| proximal | toward the point of attachment or origin (used for limbs only)
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| distal | away from the point of attachment or origin (used for limbs only)
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| superficial | toward the skin or surface
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| deep | toward the internal organs or away from the surface
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| sural | region of the calf
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| gluteal | region of the buttocks
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| pelvic | region between the front of the hips
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| inguinal | region where legs attach to the torso
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| umbilical | region of the bellybutton
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| carpal | region of the wrist
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| digital | region of the fingers
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| pubic | region just above the genitals
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| metabolism | sum of all the chemical processes that build up and break down cells
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| organism | single living thing
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| organ system | organs working together to perform a specific function
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| organ | multiple tissues working together to perform a specific function
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| tissue | cells working together to perform a specific function
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| cell | living matter surrounded by a membrane
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| reproductive system | organ system which functions in creating offspring (penis and testes in males, ovaries, uterus, and vagina in females)
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| urinary system | organ system which functions in maintaining water balance and eliminating nitrogen wastes (kidneys, urinary tract)
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| digestive system | organ system which breaks down and absorbs nutrients (stomach, intestines, liver)
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| respiratory system | organ system that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide (trachea, lungs, bronchi, alveoli)
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| lymphatic system | organ system that returns fluids that have escaped from cells to the blood and also assists with immunity (spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils)
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| cardiovascular system | organ system responsible for transporting gases, nutrients, and wastes through the blood (heart, blood vessels)
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| endocrine system | organ system that releases hormones to control metabolism (glands)
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| nervous system | organ system that receives and interprets stimuli and generates responses to effector organs (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
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| muscular system | organ system that creates movement (muscles, tendons)
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| skeletal system | organ system that provides protection and support for body parts (bones, cartilage, ligaments)
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| integumentary system | organ system that provides protection for the body (skin, hair, nails)
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| crural | region of the shin
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| orbital | region around they eye
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| axillary | region of the armpit
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| popliteal | region behind the knee
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| sacral | region of the tail bone
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| coxal | region of the hip bones
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| sternal | region of the breast bone
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| fibular | region of the outside of the lower leg
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| tarsal | region underneath the ankle
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| brachial | region of the upper arm
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| vertebral | region over the entire spine
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| thoracic | region of the rib cage
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| abdominal | region below the bellybutton
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| lumbar | region of the lower spine
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| antecubital | region of the front of the elbow
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| oral | region of the mouth
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| deltoid | region of the shoulder
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| femoral | region of the front of the thigh
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| patellar | region of the kneecap
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| scapular | region of the shoulder blade
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| occipital | region of the back of the head
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| buccal | region of the cheeks
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| nasal | region of the nose
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| cervical | region of the neck
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| acromial | region of the top of the shoulder
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