The Renaissance and Reformation
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| Mongols | held Russia in subjugation for 200 years; because of them, Renaissance didn't happen in Russia
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| Ottoman Turks | penetrated Byzantine Empire and spread over the Balkans; brought a Muslim influence to region
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| jacqueries | jacq = french word for peasant; a massive insurrection of peasants and rebellions of workers
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| Hundred Year's War | (1337 - 1458) faught between England and France; was also a French war for unification and resulted in the unifying of France
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| Wars of the Roses | a fight for position and power among England's upperclass; gave birth to the Tudor's reign
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| Unam Sanctam | Edict issued by Pope Boniface VIII stating that there was no salvation outside the Roman Church
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| Avignon | During the Bobylonian Captivity, where french pope lived
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| Babylonia Captivity | When the Pope resided in France; Europe believed papacy was in control and ordaned their own pope as well
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| Great Schism of the West | When there were 2 popes, one in Avignon and one in Rome; eventually 3; chipped away at authority of papacy
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| Hussite Wars | Rebellion against pope's authority lead by John Huss; they believed church could go without the fancy decorations and that they could be saved w/out going to the church
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| Council of Pisa | A church council where all of Latin West was represented; both popes were disposed, but refused to step down; council elected new pope as well resulting in 3 popes
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| Council of Constance | Ended the three-part schism in Catholic Church
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| Martin V | Pope that replaced the three popes in power during the Great Schism of the West
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| simony | to buy or sell a church office; common in the 15th century
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| nepotism | appointing family members to high-ranking offices; one of the corruptions in the Catholic Church
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| Boniface VIII | Encouraged the idea of indulgences; men could be forgiven if they paid money for it
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| indulgences | allows monetary donations to the church in exchange for penance; looks corruptive; Luther's main objection with Catholic Church
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| Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges | required a General Church Council, with authority superior to that of the pope, to be held every 10 years, required election over appointment to church offices; started chain of events causing France to leave Catholic Church
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| Gallican | name of the French church
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| Holy See | fancy name for the Pope
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| Quattrocento | the name Italians gave to the 15th century
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| Tuscany | the state that Florence, Italy was located in; home to many talented Renaissance artists
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| Medici Family | the ruling family of Florence; payed for and sponsered the arts, making it possible for artists to pursue their career and make a living
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| renunciation | to regect worldly things and look at life as a step to the afterlife; commonplace in Medival Times
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| virtu | what a Renaissance Man posessed; 'i am a human and i will enjoy this world, demonstrate my power and be proud of my accomplishments'
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| Benvenuto Cellini | Author of his Autobiography (who wrote autobiographies in Middle Ages?); record of life in Renaissance Italy; prime example of 'virtu'
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| perspective | painting technique perfected by Giotto; made paintings look real, not 2-D as they had been in Medival Times
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| humanism | literary movement distinct from the writing of the late Middle Ages; dealt with issues of politics and personal concern outside of religion; new intellectual ideals, esp the human experience
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| Dante | Author of The Devine Comedy; a bridge between Europe's past and future
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| The Devine Comedy | Wrote by Dante; helped define and legitamize the vernacular language of Italian; writen about real people and events of the year, something that wouldn't have been writen about in Middle Ages
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| vernacular | the language spoken by commonors; as opposed to the Latin spoken by the Nobles
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| Petrarch | the first great humanist thinker and a scholor of latin; author of Triumphs and On the Solitary Life; "Father of Humanisn"
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| scholasticism | to sit, focus, rewrite and read books
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| Cicero | Roman writer and politician dedicated to common sense and commited to political libery; went from rags to riches - hero to modern society
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| Decameron | Wrote by Petrarch; series of tales for entertainment purposes only; designed to put a light on human behavior and character
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| rhetoric | the art of using language to influence others
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| Book of the Courtier | one of the most sucessful manner books; told how men should act (like a Renaissance Man)
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| condottieri | professional fighting men; mercinaries for city-states
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| Niccolo Machiavelli | Author of The Prince; most important work on political science for centuries;
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| The Prince | handbook of statecraft; told how it is better for a leader to be feared than loved, like a fox and a lion; governments were sucessful because they acted only in their own political interest
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| 'pagan' humanism | type of Italian humanism; were more willing to abandon tradition and freely explore worldly affairs; decadent and out-of control to Christians
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| Christian humanism | humanism of North - more focus on ethics and morals and old-fashioned Christianity
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| Wittenberg | German city where Luther was born; home of the Protestant Reformation
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| Fugger | Sucessful banking family of Holy Roman Empire; Fuggers are to HRE as Medicis are to Italy
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| Mainz | where Gutenburg produced the first books using the printing press
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| Johann Mulller | laid foundations for a mathematical concept of the universe; starting to become acceptible to explore the world through science
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| Copernicus | revived idea of a sun-centered solar system
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| Dr. Faustus | achieved great wealth; as a result, was rumored that he sold his soul to the devil for knowledge and power
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| Mysticism | the belief that an individual could commune with God unaided by the church or sacraments; found in the North
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| laymen | those who believe but are not confirmed; also those who preach their own interpretation of the Bible
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| Gerard Groote | a lay preacher who attracted followers by his sermons on spiritual regeneration; established the Sisters and the Brothers of the Common Life
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| The Sisters and the Brothers of the Common Life | a religious sister/brother hood focused on religion; founded by Gerard Groote; example of Catholic Church weakening
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| Modern Devotion | Chritian ideal of character and conduct; to have the qualities of humility, tolerance, reverance, love of neighbor
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| Erasmus | Erasmus is to North as Petriarch is to Italy; Author of The Praise of Folly and Handbook of a Christian Knight; wanted reform within the Catholic Church (but not abandon it) and was a leader in Renaissance learning in North
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| Praise of Folly | Wrote by Erasmus; satire attack on Catholic Church's corruption (NOT the Church itself)
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| Handbook of Christian Knights | Wrote by Erasmus; showed how a man can be both worldy and devoutly Christian; balance between humanism and Christianity
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| New Monarchs | first rulers that make an attempt to be different from Medival kings; aim to make their country more like Rome: Roman Law over Feudal Law, one national army over a military for each manor, support a middle class, add taxes; want to get rid of feudalism
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| sovereign | political power and authority
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| Tudors | rose to power as a result of the War of the Roses; first royal family in England to be of the New Monarchs
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| Henry VIII | First king on new monarchy;
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| 6 wives of Henry VIII | Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr
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| livery and maintenence | the practice where each manor had its own army
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| Star Chamber | a group of advisors, like a modern-day cabinet; English court of law that inspired our Electoral College
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| Louis XI | first of the New Monarchs in France
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| Valios | the royal family of France; contains Louis XI and his sucessors
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| Estates General | France's version of a parliment; only meets in times of authority and has 3 chambers: clegry, nobles, commoners
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| Aragon | one of the Spanish kingdoms; Ferdinand of Aragon
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| Castile | one of the Spanish kingdoms; Isabella of Castile
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| Ferdinand and Isabella | Aragon and Castile; both kingdoms were united in the fight against the Moors; this and marriage between the two was the foundation of Spanish unity
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| Moors | North African Muslims; were finally driven out of Spain sparking the country to unify under the crown of Spain
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| Inquisition | to enquire, investigate; Spain tried to find non-Catholics left in Spain and would torture and execute them
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| reconquista | Spain drives the Moors out of Spain
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| Granada | when this city of Spain fell, the reconquista was complete; Jews and Moors were banished from Spain
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| Moriscos | Christians of Moorish background
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| Marranas | Christians of Jewish background
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| Hapsburgs / Hansburgs | ruling family of the Holy Roman Empire state Austria; also the ruling family of the Holy Roman Empire, thereby making Austria the dominate state of the HRE
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| Maximillian I | a Hapsburg and Holy Roman Emperor; first to use New Monarchy techniques; aggresive to marry off as many family members to different royal families; start inheriting a lot of land
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| state's rights | the power for the states to control their government: anti-unification of Germany in particular; why give up power to a central authority?
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| Charles V | follows Maximillian I as Holy Roman Emperor; represents high point and falling of Hapsburgs; Emperor while Luther is busting up HRE from within; cannot deal with Luther as a usual heretic because Luther had backing of several German states
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| universal monarchy | a world-state where individual independence was impossible; what Holy Roman Empire and Hapsburgs were imposing on other European countries
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| popery | all the traditions of the Catholic Church
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| Martin Luther | first to sucessfully defy older church authorities after nailing his 95 thesis; founder of the Luthern faith; all you need is faith, not sacraments
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| Tetzel | seller of indulgences in Luther's hometown Wittenburg;
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| Leo X | pope in power during Luther's revolt from the Catholic Church; excommunicated Luther
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| transubtantiation | Catholic belief that Jesus is the bread and wine in communion; the 'mashed potatoes' from the Christians
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| consubstantiation | what the Lutherns believe in; communion is a connection to God, however bread and wine are symbols of Jesus not his body
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| Diet of Worms | Charles V's last attempt at making things right with Luther (to say sorry); Diet = big fancy meeting, Worms = city; Charles V wants forgiveness to avoid war but it isnt sucessful
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| Schmalkaldic League | failure of Diet of Worms cause this civil-war like war in Germany; this is the alliance of German states that support Luther
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| Peace of Augsburg of 1555 | 'treaty' as a result of the war of the Schmalkaldic League; allows German states to decide what their official religion will be creating a North/South divide of Luthernism/Catholic respectively; victory for protesetants
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| interim | time in between
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| John Calvin | founder of Calvinism
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| Calvinism | faith-based religion; pre-destination is the core of this religion; a religion that speaks to the masses and becomess the protestant religion outside of Germany; view communion as just a seremony
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| Institutes of the Christian Religion | Written by John Calvin; wrote about the beliefs of predestination and the Church's government (should be moral force behind state affairs)
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| predestination | the Calvinistic belief that God knew if you were going to heaven or hell; they are the chosen people
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| Puritan | their work ethic has helped build America and other English colonies; aka Calvinists
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| presbyteries | elected body made up of ministers and devout laymen; broke monopoly of priest's power; promoted secularisation but wanted to Christianize society
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| Geneva | where Calvin set up his model of Christian community; like the Rome of protestants
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| Huguenots | French Calvinists
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| John Knox | brought Calvinism to Scotland
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| Presbyterianism | Scotland's religion; the Scotland version of Calvinism
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| Francis I | king of France; was Catholic, however supported protestants in Germany - they threatened the Holy Roman Empire's potentual universal monarchy; also helped HRE keep from unifying
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| Council of Trent | shaped path of modern Catholicism; the internal responce to the protestant reformation - cleaning up corruption and reaffirming the faith ('we ain't changing')
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| conciliar issue | Catholic Church should be like a government; a council to check on the Pope's power; Pope didnt want this - if he reacted right away to protestant reformation, he would look weak and council would stay (reason for hesitation in Catholic responce_
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| Vatican Council (1870) | announced that the Pope is never wrong on matters of faith and morals
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| vulgate | the only version of the Bible accepted by the Catholic Church; Catholic Church is to Vulgate as Supreme Court is to the constitution
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| pluralism | one person who held several church offices at the same time
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| Paul III | founder and first of the reformation popes
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| Ignatius Loyola | founder of the Jesuits; trys to reconvert people, educated them, and promote the Catholic Church
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| Society of Jesus | aka the Jesuits; active participation in affairs of the world; acted as an international enforcer for Catholic law; tried to sway undecided countries to the Catholic side
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| Jesuits | aka Society of Jesus
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| Spiritual Exercises | writen by Ignatius Loyola
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| ultramontanism | extremely devout Christians; regarded papacy as holy
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| Index of Prohibited Books | issued by Pope Paul IV; list of books Catholics couldn't read
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| High Commission | English version of Spanish Inquisition; judicial and police group that enforced conformity to Anglican church
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| Spanish Inquisition | expands from reqonquista; knocked down protestantism and spread Catholic faith onto world; hunted and killed non-Christians in Spain
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| Roman Inquisition | less-intense version of Spanish Inquisition; hunted for non-Catholics - they wouldnt kill non Catholics
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