a&p exam 1
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| (epithelial tissue)single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm | simple squamous
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| (epithelial tissue) allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae | simple squamous
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| (epithelial tissue) location: kidney glomeruli, air sacs of the lungs, lining of the heart, blood vessel | simple squamous
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| (epithelial tissue) single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei | simple cuboidal
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| (epithelial tissue) function: secretion and absorption | simple cuboidal
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| (epithelial tissue) location: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface | simple cuboidal
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| (epithelial tissue) single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei | simple columnar
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| (epithelial tissue) function: absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes & other substances, ciliated type propels mucus | simple columnar
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| (epithelial tissue) location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and some regines of the uterus; small intestine | simple columnar
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| (epithelial tissue) single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia | pseudostratified columnar
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| (epithelial tissue) function: secretion, particularly of mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action | pseudostratified columnar
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| (epithelial tissue) location: nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; trachea; upper respiratory tract | pseudostratified columnar
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| (epithelial tissue) thick membrane composed of several cell layers; surface cells are flattened | stratified squamous
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| (epithelial tissue) function: protects underlying tissues from areas subjected to abrasion | stratified squamous
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| (epithelial tissue) location: esophagus, mouth, and vagina | stratified squamous
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| (epithelial tissue) generally two layers of cubelike cells | stratified cuboidal
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| (epithelial tissue) function: protection | stratified cuboidal
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| (epithelial tissue) location: salivary gland duct, sweat glands, mammary glands | stratified cuboidal
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| (epithelial tissue) several cell layers, elongated cells with nuclei that looks stretched | stratified columnar
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| (epithelial tissue) function: protection, secretion | stratified columnar
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| (epithelial tissue) location: urethra | stratified columnar
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| (epithelial tissue) resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal | transitional
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| (epithelial tissue) function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ | transitional
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| (epithelial tissue) location: ureters, urinary bladder | transitional
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| hierarchy of organization (6 things) | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
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| necessary life functions (8) | boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
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| 2 components of serosa membranes | visceral & parietal
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| homeostatic process (name the steps when theres a change in the variable) | change in variable ---> receptor ---> afferent signal ---> central processor ---> efferent signal ---> effector system
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| function of membrane proteins (5) | transport enzymes, receptor sites, intercellular junctions, cell-cell recognition, cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix attachment
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| they increase the surface area of the cell | microvilli
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| timpermeable junctions | tight junctions
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| anchoring junctions, lets fluid through | desmosones
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| allows electrical current to flow through; connects two membranes; internal orlds can functionally affect the other | gap junction
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| net movement of a substance down a concentration gradient; results from intrinsic kinetic energy; continues until a dynamic equilibrium is reached | diffusion
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| (type of diffusion) nonpolar substances that are lipid soluble pass directly through the lipid bilayer | simple diffusion
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| diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane | osmosis
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| solution with a greater solute concentration than inside a cell | hypertonic solution
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| solution with a lower solute concentration than inside a cell | hypotonic solution
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| lipid insoluble molecules that are too large to diffuse through membrane pores can move passively with carrier molecules | facilitated diffusion
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| cell uses energy to move substances across the membrane; transport molecules harvest energy from ATP to pump molecules against concentration gradients | active transport
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| when a substance is released from vesicle (membranous sac); fuses with the membrane and releases contents to outside | exocytosis
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| large substances progressively enclosed by membrane and taken into the cell | endocytosis
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| cellular eating | phagocytosis
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| cellular drinking | pinocytosis
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| cellular material inside the cell | cytoplasm
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| what the cytoplasmm is comprised of | cytosol & organelles
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| transduces energy into usebale cellular work | mitochondria
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| folds of the inner cellular membrane | cristae
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| site of protein synthesis | ribosomes
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| interactive system of membranes that interact either directly through physical contact or indirectly through vesicles | endomembrane system
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| membrane-enclosed sacs that are pinched off portions of membranes moving from one membrane to another | vesicle
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| endomembrane system includes what (5) | nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles
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| lacks ribosomes; synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroids; carbohydrate metabolism; detoxifies drugs; calcium storage | smooth ER
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| protein synthesis; has ribosomes; protein departs and is pinched off from here | rough ER
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| modifies, concentrates, and packages rough ER products | golgi apparatus
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| digestive compartements; membranous sac containing hydrolytic enzymes | lysosomes
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| network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm that form a framework for support and movement and regulation | cytoskeleton
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| thickest part of the cytoskeleton | microtubules
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| thinnest part of the cytoskeleton | microfilaments
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| most stable and permanent cytoskeletal element | intermediate filaments
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| neutralizes the hazardous byproducts; only organelle with one membrane | peroxisome
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| stores fluid and starches inside of the cell | vacuoles
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| space in between the cells | interstitial space
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| includes all events from a cell's formation until it divides; includes two major periods: interphase and cell division | the cell cycle
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| phase that starts from cell formation and ends at cell division | interphase
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| grwoth phase with little cell division-related activities | G1
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| synthetic phase; DNA replicates | s phase
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| brief period of growth where enzymes and other proteins necessary for division are synthesized | g2
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| 2 daughter cells are identical to the mother cell; no gain or loss of genetic material; serious of continuous events; lasts about two hours | mitosis
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| (mitosis) chromatin condenses to form chromosomes; chromosomes already replicated and consist of two sister chromatids; sister chromatids are connected by the centromere; nucleoli & nuclear envelope disappear; spindles attach to kinetochores | prophase
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| (mitosis) chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell; chromosomes line up on the "equatorial" plate | metaphase
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| (mitosis) centromeres of the chromosomes split, each chromatid is now a chromosome, kinetochore fibers contract ande pull chromosomes towards poles; poles are pushed apart to elongate the cell; shortest stage | anaphase
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| chromosome movement stops; chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin again; nuclear membrane reforms; nucleoli reform; spindles disassemble | telophase
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| peripheral microfilaments contract at the cleavage furrow to squeeze the cells apart | cytokinesis
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| gamete production; two consecutive divisions produce four daughter cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the mother cell | meiosis
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| (meiosis) chromosome form, nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear; synapsis | prophase 1
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| homologous chromosomes form tetrads; crossover points form | synapsis
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| other name for synapsis | chiasmata
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| (meiosis) tetrads align on equatorial plate | metaphase 1
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| (meiosis) centromeres do NOT break (sister chromatids remain paired); homologous chromosomes spearate, breaking at crossover points (exchange parts of chromosomes); paternal and maternal chromosomes are separated | anaphase 1
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| increase in new cells | neoplasia
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| disorder arising from abnormal change in cell size | dystrophy
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| increase in size of cells | hypertrophy
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| disorder arising from abnormal change in cell number | dysplasia
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| increase in number of cells | hyperplasia
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| decrease in cell number | aplasia
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| unchecked growht of genetically abnormal cells | tumor
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| type of tumor - looks like normal tissue, grows slowly, does not invade | benign
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| type of tumor - poorly differentiated, grows fast, invasive, metastasize | malignant
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| tumor of epithelial origin | carcinoma
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| tumor of connective tissue origin | sarcoma
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| the study of the cause of a disease and the factors that lead to it | epidemiology
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| risk factors for cancer -----> host factors | age, sex, psychological factors, genetic factors
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| risk factors for cancer -----> environmental & lifestyle factors | geographic location, nutrition, occupation, cigarette smoking
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| accumulation of damage to the DNA over time; initiation of cancer | neoplastic transformation
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| mutagens that cause cancer | carcinogen
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| induce cell proliferation or growth | proto-oncogenes
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| inhibit growht of damaged cells | tumor suppressor genes
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| four tissue types | nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective
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| primary function of the nervous tissue | information processing
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| primary function of the muscle tissue | contraction to generate force
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| primary function of the epithelial tissue | cover exposed areas
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| primary function of the connective tissue | structure and support
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| cell types in the nervous tissue (2) | neurons & glia
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| cell types in the musccle tissue (3) | smooth, cardiac, skeletal
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| cell types in the epithelial tissue (5) | squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional, glandular
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| cell types in the connective tissue (6) | fibroblasts, white blood cells, mast cells, plasma cells, macrophages, adipocytes
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| are there fibers in nervous tissue? | no
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| are there fibers in the muscle tissue? | no
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| where are the fibers in the epithelial tissues? | basement membrane
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| where are the fibers in the connective tissue? | collagen, reticular, elastic
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| are there fluids in the nervous tissue? | yes; nutrient-rich, aqueous
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| are there fluids in the muscle tissue? | minimal
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| are there fluids in the epithelial tissue? | limited
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| are there fluids in the connective tissue? | depends on the type of connective tissue......
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| the word that means "receives nervous innervation" (epithelial) | innervated
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| the word that means "contains no blood vessels" (epithelial) | avascular
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