Integumentary system and Body Membranes
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| Body membranes | Cover surfaces, Line body cavities, Protect and often lubricates organs
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| Epithelial membranes | cover, lines, and protect; epithelial tissue always combined with an underlying layer of connective tissue and Classified as an organ
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| Membranes are on what level of organization | organ level of organization
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| Cutaneous membrane (skin) | superficial epidermis, hardened tissue, dry membrane (exposed to air) Composed of keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
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| Mucous membrane (mucosa) | Lines body cavities open to exterior, moist membrane almost continually bathed in secretions of protective mucous except for urine, adapted for absorption or secretion; Line nasal passages and mouth, respiratory, digestive, urinary, & reproductive tract
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| lamina propia | loose connective tissue that underlies Stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium
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| Serous membrane | Simple squamous epithelium tissue rests on areolar connective tissue; Line closed ventral body cavities, Reduce friction, cushions, protects; parietal layer, serous fluid, visceral layer
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| Parietal layer | lines the wall of ventral cavity
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| Serous fluid | in between the two layers and is secreted by both membranes
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| Visceral layer | lines the outside of the organs in the ventral cavity
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| Visceral | meaning gut or organ, is closer to the organ
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| Types of serous membranes | Peritoneum, Pleura, Pericardium
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| Peritoneum | lines abdominal cavity
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| Pleura | around the lungs; Pleura or pleural means lung
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| Pleural effusion | swelling in the lungs
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| Pericardium | around the heart
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| Effusion | means swelling
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| Synovial membranes | composed of soft areolar connective tissue, no epithelial cells, Line inside of fibrous capsules that surround joints, Smooth surface, Secrete synovial fluid, Cushion during movement; lining of bursae and tendon sheaths
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| Bursae | small sacs of connective tissue that cusions organ movement
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| tendon sheaths | tubelike structure that cushion organs moving against each other; Movement of a tendon across a bone surface
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| Osteoarthritis (OA) | rubbing down articular cartilage
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| Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | autoimmune disease of synovial fluid
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| Integumentary System | the cutaneous membrane (skin) and all appendages (sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails) are each considered organs that have a Primary role in protection
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| Integument | covering
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| Keratin | (cornified or hardened) is one main components in protection; Aids in preventing water loss
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| Largest Organ | Skin
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| Integumentary System Functions | Protection, regulation of body temperature, excretions (sweat, salts, water), synthesize vitamin D, Sensory receptors
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| Types of Protection of the Integumentary System | Barrier for keeping water and other molecules in the body while keeping unwanted molecules out, insulates and cushions the deeper body organs; Mechanical, chemical, thermal, drying out, ultraviolet, bacterial
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| Mechanical damage | Type of integumentary protection
Cushions against bumps, blows, abrasions, pressures, & cuts
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| Chemical damage | Type of integumentary protection
Acids and bases
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| Thermal damage | Type of integumentary protection
Heat and cold
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| Drying out (desiccation) | Type of integumentary protection
Waterproof (glyco-lipid), keratin aids in preventing water loss
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| Ultraviolet damage | (radiation, melanocytes)
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| Bacterial damage | If skin is not penetrated /closed secretions on surface are acidic and inhibit bacteria; If skin is penetrated/open, phagocytes ingest foreign substances and prevent further contact with deeper tissues
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| Body Temperature Regulation | Sweat glands and capillary network; Excretes salts, water, urea and uric acid in form of sweat/perspiration
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| Vitamin D importance | crucial in absorption of calcium
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| Cutaneous sensory receptors | Convey information (touch, pressure, temperature, and pain) about external environment
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| Skin Structure | composed of seven layers, 5 in epidermis and 2 in dermis; hypodermis does not count as a layer
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| Blister | separation between the two layers causing interstitial fluid accumulation; caused by friction or burns
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| Epidermis | Outer 5 layers (sheets “strata”) composed of stratified squamous epithelium containing keratinocytes, capable of keratinizing (become hard/tough) and melanocytes, avascular,
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| Avascular | it has no blood supply of its own
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| Keratinocytes | Keratin cells; produce keratin (tough protein)
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| Melanocytes | special spider-shaped cell produces melanin (a pigment that ranges from yellow, to black, to brown) When skin is exposed to sunlight, cause tanning
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| Melanin | Acts to shield DNA from damaging effects of UV radiation; Freckles and moles are concentrated spots of melanin
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| Epidermal dendritic cells | alert and activate immune system cells to bacteria or viruses
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| Merkel Cells | seen at epidermal-dermal junction, are associated with nerve endings and touch receptors
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| Stratum corneum | Most superficial, dead, completely filled with keratin, 20-30 cell layers thick that account for ¾ of epidermis thickness; Protects deeper layers from hostile environments, biological, chemical and mechanical trauma; prevents water loss
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| How often is Stratum corneum replaced and how | Sheds off as dandruff & Replaced with new epidermis every 25-45 days
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| Stratum lucidum | Clear, Found only where skin is hairless and thick
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| Stratum granulosum | as they move further from dermis and blood supply, become flatter and increasingly more keratinized; After leaving stratum granulosum, the cells die, becoming the next stratum
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| Stratum spinosum | as they move further from dermis and blood supply, become flatter and increasingly more keratinized
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| Stratum basale “stratum germinativum” | most deep, Lies closest to dermis, Constantly dividing producing millions of new cells daily, Contain epidermal cells that receive most nourishment from dermis via diffusion; wavy border, cells push upward
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| Dermis | Dense fibrous connective tissue, containing blood vessels, tear resistant, forms 2 layers, thickness varies; Known as the “hide” of animals; Composed of collagen and elastic fibers as well as phagocytes
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| Collagen | provides toughness, attracts and binds water keeping skin hydrated; type of dense connective tissue
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| Elastic | provides elasticity; type of dense connective tissue
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| What happens to collagen and elastic as we age | both fiber types decrease and the underlying fat decreases
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| Phagocytes | act to prevent bacteria from penetrating deeper into the body
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| How do Blood vessels assist in temperature regulation | If hot, vessels dilate (swell) allowing body heat to radiate from the skin surface; if cold, vessels constrict and blood bypass the dermis capillaries temporarily
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| Papillary layer | more superficial Upper layer of dermis
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| Dermal papillae | uneven, peg-like projections that indent the epidermis; “papillae” finger projections, Contain capillary loops that furnish nutrients to the epidermis, Increases friction & improves gripping; House pain receptors and touch receptors
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| Fingerprints | sweat pores that leave films of sweat in fingertips
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| Reticular layer | Deepest layer of skin; Varies in thickness; Envelope that holds body together; Rich nerve endings; contains blood supply; irregularly arranged connective tissue fibers, blood vessels, sweat glands, oil glands, lamellar corpuscles, and phagocytes
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| Lamellar Corpuscles | deep pain receptors
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| Linea albicans | stretch marks; Skin is not stretching at same rate as internal growth→breaking of reticular layer
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| What happens when you cut through the dermis | You bleed
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| Subcutaneous Tissue “Hypodermis” | layer below dermis formed mostly of adipose tissue; Not considered part of skin; anchors skin to underlying organs; Provides a site for fat storage; Cushions blows (shock absorber); Insulates/assist in temperature control; creates Anatomical curves
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| Adipose tissue | fat tissue
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| Every Saturday carol liked going shopping because daddy paid routinely | epidermis, stratum, corneum, lucidum, Granulosum, spinosum, basale, dermis, papillary, reticular
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| Melanin | (located in epidermis) Gives shades of brown/beige (from melanocytes)
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| Carotene | (located in stratum corneum & subcutaneous tissue) Gives shades of yellow/orange pigment
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| Hemoglobin | (dermal blood vessels) Gives shades of pink/red pigment; dependent on blood count, people who are anemic look more pale
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| Melanin | produced by melanocytes stimulated by sunlight; Ranges from yellow to brown/black; Primarily found in stratum basale; Amount of melanin produced depends on genetics
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| What happens when Melanin is not equally distributed in skin | causes freckles
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| Erythema | (redness) seen in fever, inflammation, allergy, blushing, high blood pressure
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| Pallor | (paleness) seen in anemia, fear, stress, low blood pressure; Capillaries are constricting blood flow to internal organs
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| Jaundice | (yellow) seen in Liver problems, babies – elevated bilirubin
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| Cyanosis | (blue) Poor oxygen content in blood, seen in Heart and lung diseases
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| Bruising | (black and blue) Seen in Vitamin C deficiency, Hemophilia (don’t clot well), Medications (blood thinner)
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| Hematomas | Blood escaped from vessels and has clotted in tissue spaces due to trauma
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| Skin Appendages | Glands, Hair, Nails (all are organs); Derivatives of the epidermis; Extend into dermis originating in stratum basale and dive down into reticular layer
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| Cutaneous Glands | exocrine glands
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| Exocrine glands | releases substances to surface of skin via ducts; formed in stratum basale and push deeper in order to reside in dermis where there is a better blood supply (source of nourishment)
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| Two types of exocrine glands | Sebaceous glands & sweat glands
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| Sebaceous glands | (Oil glands) Usually empty into a hair follicle; Product of oil onto root of hair; Found all over except palms of hands and soles of feet; Produce sebum
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| sebum | Greasy, oily substance that Lubricates skin/hair; Contain chemicals that kill bacteria and Prevent hair from becoming brittle
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| Sweat glands | “suderiferous gland” gland that secretes sweat (2.5 million glands per person), eccrine glands, appocrine galnds
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| 2 types of sweat glands | Eccrine Glands & appocrine glands
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| Eccrine glands | Secretes sweat that reaches skin via duct (Water, salts, metabolic waste, lactic acid); Very numerous, Found all over body; Important in efficiently regulating body temp, activated in high temperatures
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| Duct | funnel-shaped pore
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| Appocrine glands | Secrete sweat containing fatty acids and proteins, odor caused by bacteria, Concentrated in axillary and genital areas, Larger than eccrine glands, Ducts empty into hair follicles, activated during pain, stress, and sexual foreplay
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| Androgens | (male sex hormones) influence function of appocrine glands
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| Hair | Flexible epithelial structure almost entirely composed of keratinized/dead protein produced by hair follicle, Formed by stratum basale epithelial cells called matrix (growth zone), fastest growing tissue in the body
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| Functions of hair | Insulates in cold weather, Protects from foreign particles out of eyes (eyelashes) and out of respiratory tract (nose hairs)
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| Root of hair | part of hair enclosed in hair follicle
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| Shaft of hair | part projecting to surface
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| Medulla | central core of hair
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| Cortex | surrounds medulla (middle layer) in hair
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| Cuticle (Hair) | single layer of scale-like cells that surrounds cortex; Heavily keratinized; Keeps individual hairs separated; Wears away at end “split ends”
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| Melanocyte in hair bulb | produce pigment to determine hair color
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| Arrector Pili Muscles | Small bands of smooth muscle connecting hair to dermal tissue; Causes slanting of hair, Contracts when we are afraid or cold (Pulls hair straight); Insulates animals in winter; Scares enemies of animals
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| Nails | Protects ends of fingers and toes (Corresponds to claws of animals); Colorless but looks pink due to underlying blood supply, Stratum basale extends underneath the nail bed; As cells are produced by matrix, they become keratinized and die
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| Poor circulation of nail | nail tips look purple
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| Lunula | white base on nail, white moon
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| Nail body | pink part
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| Free edge | part you clip off
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| cuticle (nail) | rim of skin
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