anatomy and physiology
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| Organization of living things-atoms to organism | Atom,Molecules,Organelles,Cells, Tissue, Organ System, Organism: AMOCTOSO
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| -Catabolism -Anabolism Metabolism | Cata: breaking down
Ana: build UP
Meta: sum total of all chem. processes
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| Auto regulation (INTRINSIC) | automatic response in a CELL, TISSUE, or ORGAN
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| EXTRINSIC regulation | responses controlled by NERVOUS & ENDOCRINE system
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| (+)POSITIVE feedback | response of the effector REINFORCES the stimulus
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| (-)NEGATIVE feedback | response of the effector NEGATES the stimulus
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| What makes up 95% of the human body? | COHN: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
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| Tell me about atoms and what they are made of? | smallest unit of element
-in atom: (+)proton,(0) neutron,(-) electron
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| How to find atomic mass? | sum of the masses of protons & electron
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| Isotopes | -iso=same
-atom that has a different # of neutrons
-ex)Carbon12:p6,n6,e6--C 13:p6,n7,e6--C 14:p6,n8,e6
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| What do orbitals hold and where do you find it? | -area around a nucleus where an electron is most likely found.
-electrons can absorb and release energy
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| (+)Cation | more protons(cats r positive,so r protons)
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| (-)Anion | more electrons
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| What happens in Oxidation & Reduction? | Oxidation: LOSS of electron
Reduction: GAIN of electron
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| molecule | a group of atoms held together by energy in a stable association->Oxy2
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| compound | 2 or more group of atoms bonf together->NaCl(salt)
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| Ionic Bond | formed b/c ions of opposite charge attract 1 another->salt: Sodium Na+ & Chlorine Cl-
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| Covalent Bonds | formed by 2 or more atoms share pairs of valence elections
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| Hydrogen Bonds | -in water molecule
-both Oxygen & Hydrogen attact to share electrons in covalent bond (electronegativity)
-easy to break/make
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| Chemical Reaction | Occurs during the formation or breaking of chem. bonds
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| Energy | the POWER to do WORK
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| WORK | a change in MASS or DISTANCE
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| Kinetic Energy | Energy in motion(ball going down the stairs)
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| Potential Engergy | Stored energy(ball at top of stairs)
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| Activation energy | -gets a reaction started
-enzymes(protein): proteins that lower the activation energy of a reaction.less E,less time
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| Exergonic reaction: Endogonic reaction: | Exergonic: produces more energy
Endogonic: uses more energy
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| Organic & INorganic molecules | -organic: based on carbon(C)&hydrogen(H)
-INorganic: NOT based on C,H
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| Essential Molecules | Nutrients: essential molecules obtained from FOOD
Metabolites: molecules made or broken down in the body
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| Properties of WATER | Solubility:water's ability to dissolve a solute(salt) in a solvent(water) to make a solution(salt water)
-Reactivity: body chem uses or occurs in WATER
-High Heat capacity: ability to absorb&retain heat
-Lubrication: moisten & reduce friction
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| Electrolytes | -INorganic ion
-conduct electricity in solution
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| Hydrophilic | -hydro=water
-philic=loving
-reacts with water
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| Hydrophobic | -phobic=fear
-does NOT react with water
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| Types of Solutions | -Colloid: very lg.organic molecule
-Suspension: particles settle(sediment)
-Concentration: amt. of solute(salt) in slvent(salt)-> mol/L, mg/mL
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| pH | Acid(acidic):pH lower than 7.0(1,2,3,4,5,6)
-high H+ concentration
Base(basic):pH higher than
-high OH- concentration
7.0(8,9,10,11,12,13,14)
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| Carbohydrates FUNCTIONS | Monosaccharides: energy source
Disaccharides: energy source
Polysaccharides: storage of glucose
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| Carbohydrates TYPES | -Monosaccharides: simple sugars 3-7 carbon atoms (glucose)
-Diacccharides: 2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis(sucrose)=glucose+glucose
-Polysaccharides: chain of many simple sugars(glycogen)
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| Lipids Types | -Fatty Acids
-Eicosanoids
-Glycerides
-Steriods
-Phospholipids & Glycolipids
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| Lipid Functions | -Fatty Acids: energy source
-Eicosanoids: chem. messenger
-Glycerides: E source/storage,insulation, physical protection
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| Lipid Function cont... | -Steriods: structural component of cell mem,hormones,digestive secretion in bile
-Phospholipids & Glycolipids: structural component of cell mem.
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| Protein Function 1,2,3 | -structural protein
-contractile protein
-transport protein
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| Protein Function 4,5,6,7 | -buffering: reg. of pH
-metabolic reg.: enzymes
-hormones
-antibodies
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| Enzyme(protein) characteristics | Specificity:
-1 enzyme catalyzes 1 reaction
Saturation limits:
-an enzyme's max work rate
Regulation:
-the ability to turn off & on
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| Enzyme function | Catalyst:lower activation E of chem. reaction
-NOT changes/used up in reaction
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| Protein characteristics | -organic molecule
-Basic element: COHN
-basic building block: 20 amino acids
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| Nucleic Acid | -lg. organic molecule
-in nucleus
-store & process info. at molecular level
-DNA & RNA
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| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | -determine inherited characteristic
-direct protein synthesis
-control enzyme production
-control metabolism
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| RNA (ribonnucleic acid) | -codes intermediate steps in protein synthesis
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| DNA Bases: | -adenine(A)
-thymine(T)
-cytosine(C)
-guanine(G)
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| RNA Bases: | -uracil(U)...replaces thymine(T)
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| Nucleotides | -building blocks of DNA
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| Nucleotides parts | Have 3 molecular parts:
-sugar(deoxyribose)
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base: A,G,T,C
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| Somatic Cells | soma=body
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| Cytoskeleton | structrual protein for shape & strength
-In Microfilaments
-In Microtubules
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| Microvilli | -increase surface area for absorption
-the finger looking wiggly thing in a cell
-attached to cytoskeleton
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| Ribosomes | -builds polypeptides in protein syn.
-2 types:
free ribosomes in cytoplasm
fixed ribosomes attached to ER
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| ER (endoplasmic reticulum) endo plasm reticulum | endo=within..
plama=cytoplasm..
reticulum=network
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| Golgi Apparatus | -Secretory Vesicle
-Membrane renewal
-Transport vesicle
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| Lysosomes | lyso=dissovlve__soma=body
formed by Golgi, digestive enzymes, ejects secretory product & wastes
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| Mitochondria | -produces ATP(energy
-takes chem. E from food(glucose)
-cristae form walls
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| Phospholipid bilayer | Has a...
Tail: hydrophobic
Head: hydrophilic
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| Nucleus | -DNA
-Nucleoplasm
-Nuclear matrix
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| DNA organization | -Nucleosomes
-Chromatin
-Chromosomes
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| Genes | -DNA instruction for 1 protein
Code: A, T, C, G
3 bases= 1 amino acid
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| Selective Permeability | Allows some materials to move freely but restricts other materials
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| Protein Synthesis steps | This is how DNA instructions become protein.
Using: Transcription, Translation, Processing
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| TranSCRPITion | copies instructions from DNA to mRNA(in nucleus)
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| ER (endoplasmic reticulum) Function | Function
-syn. of protein,carbohydrates,lipids
-storage of synthesized mole. & material
-transport w/in ER
-Detoxification of drugs/toxin
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| TranSLATion | Template serves as a series of codes for the amino acid sequence of the protein
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| 3 Categories of Transport | -Diffusion(passive)
-Carrier-mediated transport(passive or active)
-Vasicular transport(active)
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| 7 methods of transport | -Diffusion, active transport
-osmosis, carrier-mediated,2nd active transport, exocytosis
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| Factors Affecting Diffusion | Distance, Molecule size, Temp, Gradient size
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| Diffusion types | Simple:diffuse through cell membrane
Channel-Mediated:materials pass through transmembrane protein(channels)
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| Osmosis | Must have water. Freely permeable to water, selectively permeable to solutes
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| Tonicity-iso | iso=same__tonos=tention
Solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell
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| Tonicity-hypo | hypo=less
Has less solutes on outside. Gains water through osmosis.
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| Tonicity-hyper | hyper=more
Has more solutes on the outside.
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| Carrier-meadiated Transport | Carries proteins passively transport solutes across a membrane down a concentration gradient
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| Cotransport | 2 substances move in the same direction at the same time
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| Countertransport | 1 substance moves in while another moves out
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| receptor mediated endocytosis | receptors (glyco proteins) bind targert molecules(ligands).coated vesicle(endosome) carries ligands & recepptors into the cell
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| Active Transport | -move substances AGAINST concentration gradient
-requires E
-ion pump
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| Exocytosis & Endocytosis | Exo=out of
Endo=into, active transport using ATP
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| Pinocytosis | Drinking Cell, drinks extracellular fluids
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| Phagocytosis | Eating Cell, engulfs large objects in phagosomes
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| Cell Cycle | P.M.A.T
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| Mitosis | Distribution of duplicated chromosomes into 2 daughter cells
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| Chromosome | the 'X'
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| Chromatid | Half of the 'X'__<
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| Centermere | the middle(button)
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| Cytokinesis | division of the cell.
Animal cells:occures by constriction of actin fibers.
Plant cell: occurs by synthesis if cell plant.
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| Secondary Active Transport | Na+ concentration gradient drives glucose transport
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