GAR AL09
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| Radius is (lateral/medial) and (shorter/longer) | lateral; slightly shorter
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| Ulna is (lateral/medial) and (shorter/longer) | medial; slightly longer
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| Interosseous membrane | Ligament that attaches the ulna and the radius
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| Flexor compartment is located? | anterior
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| Extensor compartment is located? | posterior
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| Which forearm nerves are anterior? | medial nerve; ulnar nerve
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| Which forearm nerves are posterior? | radial nerve
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| Superficial forearm veins are surrounded by? | Cutaneous nerves
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| Course of the cephalic vein along the arm and forearm | Runs laterally and continues down to the dorsal side of hand
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| Basilic vein | Runs medially; combines with the cephalic vein to form the axillary vein
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| Medial cubital vein | connects the basilic and cephalic vein; located in the cubital fossa (inner elbow triangle); most common location for blood draw;
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| Brachial artery location | directly under the median cubital vein
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| Median nerve location | median to the brachial artery (which is directly under the median cubital vein)
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| When drawing blood from median cubital vein, stay _______ | superficial because you may hit other structures of cubital fossa which are deep to the vein
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| Structures of the cubital fossa under the superficial veins (3) | Brachial artery; median nerve; tendons of biceps brachii (lateral);
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| Head of radius is | proximal
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| Radial styloid process sticks out | laterally and distally
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| Which is more distal? (radial styloid process/ulnar styloid process) | Radial styloid process is more distal than ulnar syloid process; they can become level when bones break in the forearm
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| Interosseous membrane function | Transfers weight bearing forces from radius to ulna; aids in supination and pronation; provides site for muscle attachment
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| Orientation of radius and ulna during pronation | radius and ulna are parallel
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| Orientation of radius and ulna during supination | radius crosses over ulna
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| Interosseous membrane | Ligament that attaches the ulna and the radius
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| Superficial muscles of the flexor compartment (4) - anterior | pronator teres; flexor carpi radialis; flexor carpi ulnaris; palmaris longus
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| Origin of the superficial muscles of the flexor compartment | medial side
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| Pronator teres function | pronates the forearm
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| Pronator teres innervation | median nerve
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| Flexor carpi radialis function | flexes and abducts the hand at the wrist
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| Flexor carpi radialis innervation | median nerve
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| Flexor carpi ulnaris function | flexes and adducts the hand at the wrist
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| Flexor carpi ulnaris innervation | ulnar nerve
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| Palmaris longus innervation | median nerve
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| Palmaris longus function | Weak flexor (along with other flexor muscles); absent in 15% of population
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| Median nerve innervates which superficial flexor compartment muscles | pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus
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| Carpi | relating to the wrist; for bone names: flexes the wrist joint
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| Intermediate flexor compartment muscle | Flexor digitorum superficialis (flexor digitorum sublimis)
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| Flexor digitorum superficialis function | flexes wrist joint, Middle Phalanges, Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) joints of median 4 digits
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| Flexor digitorum superficialis innervation | median nerve
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| Flexor digitorum superficialis artery | ulnar artery
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| Deep flexor compartment muscles (3) | Flexor digitorum profundus; flexor pollicis longus; pronator quadratus
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| Flexor digitorum profundus innervation | Ulnar half: ulnar nerve; Radial/lateral half: anterior interosseous branch of median nerve
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| Flexor digitorum profundus function | flexes medial four digits at MP, PIP and DIP; assists with flexion of hand
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| Pronator quadratus function | pronates the forearm
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| Pronator quadratus innervation | median nerve
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| What happens if forearm if the median nerve is lost? | lost pronation completely
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| Flexor pollicis longus function | flexes thumb
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| Flexor pollicis longus innervation | median nerve
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| Nerves of the anterior forearm compartment | median; ulnar
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| median nerve runs along | midline of the forearm
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| Describe ulnar nerve position and path | Runs along the medial edge of the forearm, under flexor carpi ulnaris and above flexor digitorum profundus with the ulnar artery
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| median nerve roots | C6-T1
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| ulnar nerve roots | C8-T1
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| Brachial nerve splits into | ulnar and radial arteries
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| How many muscles in the forearm does the median nerve innervate? | 6.5 muscles (pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, radial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus, pronator quadratus, flexor pollicis longus)
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| How many muscles in the forearm does the ulnar nerve innervate? | 1.5 muscles (Flexor carpi ulnaris; ulnar 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus)
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| Severed median nerve | loss of pronation, sensory loss, loss of function of 6.5 muscles, hand of benediction
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| Hand of benediction | Dynamic sign; Result of severed median nerve at upper arm or elbow; Patient attempts to make fist but 1st, 2nd, 3rd, digits are extended, 4th (ring) and 5th (pinky) flexed (innervated by ulnar nerve)
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| Injury at median recurrent nerve | Ape hand: cannot move the thumb outside of the plane of the palm. Loss of thenar muscle function
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| Ulnar nerve injury at elbow | Static sign; develops over extended period of time; Hyperextension of MP joint; Flexion of PIP joint; Unlike Hand of Benediction, this is a static sign
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| Describe the course of the radial artery | Runs on lateral/radial side of anterior forearm; Goes to posterior side of wrist joint then over thumb into palm to become deep palmar arch; Runs through snuff box
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| Describe the course of the ulnar artery | Runs along ulnar side of anterior forearm; Curves around in palm to become superficial palmar arch; Gives off several digital branches
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| Most blood comes from which artery (ulnar/radial) | ulnar artery
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| 3 functional groups of muscles in the extensor compartment | 1. extend and abduct or adduct at wrist
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| Innervation of the extensor compartment | radial nerve (C5-T1)
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| Common Interosseous Artery (location and root) | Large branch off ulnar artery that comes off at end of cubital fossa
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| Common Interosseous Artery division | Anterior interosseous; posterior interosseous
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| Anterior interosseous artery runs | anterior to interosseous membrane
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| Posterior interosseous artery runs | posterior side of membrane (pierces membrane first)
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| Posterior interosseous artery supplies | deep muscles of forearm
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| Extensor compartment (anterior/posterior forearm) | Posterior forearm
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| Radial nerve innervates | Extensor muscles
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| radial nerve roots | C5-T1
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| Radial nerve branches into | superficial and deep radial nerves
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| Deep branch of the radial nerve innervates | muscles
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| Superficial branch of the radial nerve innervates | cutaneous (skin of the posterior forearm and part of the dorsum of hand)
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| Radial nerve injury | Wrist drop: loss of extension, hand hangs down
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| General origin and course of extensor muscles | Originate from lateral side of arm at elbow joint then run distally and medially
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| Extend and abduct/adduct wrist | Extensor carpi radialis longus- extend and abduct wrist on radial side
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| Extend and abduct wrist | Extensor carpi radialis longus- extend and abduct wrist on radial side
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| Extend and adduct wrist | Extensor carpi ulnaris- extend and adduct wrist on medial side
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| Muscles that extend wrist begin with | extensor carpi
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| Muscles that extend medial four digits (3) | Extensor digitorum communis- extend medial four digits
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| Extensor digitorum communis | extend medial four digits
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| Extensor indicis | extend index finger
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| Extensor digiti minimi | extend little finger
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| Extensor carpi radialis longus | extend and abduct wrist on radial side
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| Extensor carpi radialis brevis | extend and abduct wrist joint on radial side
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| Extensor carpi ulnaris | extend and adduct wrist on medial side
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| Abductor pollicis longus | abduct thumb
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| Extensor pollicis brevis | extend thumb
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| Extensor pollicis longus | extend thumb
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| Muscles that Extend or abduct thumb (3) | Deep muscles involved in thumb movement;
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| Muscles that extend or abduct thumb location (run on...) | Run on lateral side of wrist
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| Snuffbox formed by | Tendons of the muscles that extend or abduct thumb
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| Muscles that supinate forearm | Supinator- only strong supinator in forearm; Biceps brachii also supinates;
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| Stronger: pronators or supinators? | Supinators
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| Movements of thumb (4) | Extension; Flexion; Abduction; Adduction; Opposition
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| Thumb Extension | increasing angle between thumb and hand in the plane of the hand
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| Thumb Flexion | decreasing angle between thumb and hand in the plane of the hand
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| Thumb Abduction | moving thumb away from the hand at a right angle to palmar surface
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| Thumb Adduction | returning the thumb t the hand from a right angle with the palmar surface
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| Thumb Opposition | touching the thumb to the little finger- unique to humans
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| Tennis elbow | (Elbow tendonitis) Inflammation of the common tendon of origin (common extensor attachment) for all posterior forearm muscles. Patient has pain around lateral epicondyle with radiation down lateral forearm. AKA: lateral epicondylitis
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| Elbow tendonitis | (Tennis elbow) Inflammation of the common tendon of origin (common extensor attachment) for all posterior forearm muscles. Patient has pain around lateral epicondyle with radiation down lateral forearm. AKA: lateral epicondylitis
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| Tendons/synovial sheaths location | dorsum of hand
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| Snuff box | 1. Extensor Pollicis Brevis & Abductor Pollicis Longus (anterior)
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| Extensor retinaculum | ligament that holds all tendons in position as they are working
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| Synovial sheath covers | tendons
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| Synovial sheath contains | synovial fluid
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| Synovial fluid in synovial sheath | to make movements of tendons smooth
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| Why are patterns of synovial sheaths important | to understanding how infection will spread
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| Extensor expansion | "the flattened tendons (aponeurosis) of extensor muscles that run into the back of the hand; form a ""hood"""
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| Aponeuroses | layers of flat broad tendons; their primary function is to join muscles and the body parts the muscles act upon
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| Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm branches from? | final branches of musculocutaneous nerve
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| What attaches to the tuberosity? | ...
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| Capitulum | ...
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| Trochlear notch | ...
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| Coronoid process | Bottom part of Trochlear notch on ulna
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| Bicipital aponeurosis | a broad extension of the biceps tendon that attaches to the antebrachial fascia. It is located on the medial side of the biceps brachii tendon.
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| Head of radius articulates with what part of the humerus? | capitulum
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| Radial tuberosity | ...
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