special senses: the eyes med terminology and pathology of
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| The lacrimal apparatus | also known as the tear apparatus, consists of structures that ptoduce, store, and remove tears
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| lacrimal glands | located above the outer corner of each eye. secrete lacrimal fluid also known as tears
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| lacrimal canal | is made up of two ducts at the inner corner of each eye. collect tears and empty them into the lacrimal sacs. crying is the overflowing of tears from the lacrimal canals
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| lacrimal sac | also know as he tear sac, is an enlargment of the lacrimal duct
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| lacrimal duct aka nasolacrimal duct | the passageway that drains excess tears into the nose
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| lacrimation | the secretion of tears, especiallly in excess
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| eyeball aka globe | a one-inch sphere with only about one-sixth of its surface showing on the outside. the walls are made up of three layers, the sclera, choriod and retina. the interior of the eye is divided into anterior and posterior segments
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| slera aka white of the eye | the tough , fibrous tissue that forms the outer layer of the eye, except for the part covered by the cornea. maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue.
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| sler/o | white of the eye ( also means hard)
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| cornea | the transparent outer surface of the eye covering the iris and pupil. primary structure foucusing light rays entering the eye
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| the uveal tract aka uvea | the vascular layer of the eye. the iris is in front and the choroid and the ciliary body are behind it
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| iris | pigmented(colored) muscular layer that surrounds the pupil
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| pupil | the black circular opening in the center of the iris that permits light to enter the eye. muscles within the iris control the amount of light that is allowed to enter
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| lens aka crystalline lens | the clear flexible, curved stucture that focuses images on the retina. contained with in a clear capsule located behinde the iris and pupil
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| choroid aka choroid coat | the opaque middle layer of the eyeball, contains many blood vessels and provides the blood supply for the entire eye. opaque means that light cannot pass through this substance
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| cilliary body | located with in the the choroid, is a set of muscels and suspensory ligaments that asust the thickness of the lens to refine the foucus of light rays on the retina. make lens thicker for nearby objects and thinner for distant objects
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| retina | the sensitive innermost layer that lines the posterior segment of the eye.contains rods(black and white receptors) and cones(color receptors) that receive images and convert them into nerve impulses, which are sent to the brain via the optic nerve
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| macula | means spot
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| lutea | means yellow
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| macula lutea | clearly defined yellow area in the center of the retina. the area of sharpest central vision
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| fovea centralis | a pit in the middle of the macula. color vision is best in this area because it contains a high concentration of cones and No rods
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| optic disk aka blind spot | a small region in the eye where the nerve endings of the retina enter the optic nerve. it is called the blind spot because it dose not contain any rods or cones to convert images into nerve impulses
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| second crainial nerve aka optic nerve | transmits the nerve impulses from the retina to the brain.
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| anterior segment of the eye | the front one third of the eyeball. divided into anterior and posterior chambers
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| anterior chamber | located behind the cornea and in front of the iris
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| posterior chamber | located behind the iris and in front of the ligaments holding the lens in place
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| aqueous fluid | helps the eye maintain its shape and nourishes the intraocular structures
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| posterior segment of the eye | is filled with vitreous humor (a soft, clear jellylike mass) to aid in maintaining the shape of the eye. the posterior segment is lined w/retina and its realated structures.
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| accommodation | the process whereby the eyes make adustments for seeing objects at various distances. constriction (narrowing), and dilation (widening) of the pupil, movement of the eyes and changes in the shape of the lens.
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| emmetropia | the normal realationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina
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| emmetr | proper measurement
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| -opia | vision
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| refraction | the ability of the lens to bend light rays to help them focus on the retina
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| visual acuity | the ability to distiguish object details and shape at a distance. (acuity means sharpness)
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| snellen chart | used to measure visual acuity the results from each eye are recorded as two numbers in fraction form.. the first # indicates distance from the chart. the second# indicates the deviation from the norm based on the ability to read progressively smaller line
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| ophthalmaologist | (blank)
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| opt/o | vision
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| blepharoptosis | drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis
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| ectropion | theeversion (turning outward) of the edge of an eyelid. usually affects the lower lid, therby exposing the inner srface to irritation and preventing tears from draining
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| ec- | out
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| trop | turn
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| entropion | the inversion (turning inward) of the edge of an eyelid. this usually affects the lower lid, thereby causing the eyelashes to rub against the cornea
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| -ptosis | drooping or sagging
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| hordeolum (hor-dee-oh-lum) | also known as a stye, is a pus-filled lesion on the eyelid resulting from an infection in a sebaceous gland
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| chalazion (kah-lay-zee-on) | also known as an internal stye, is a localized swelling inside the eyelid resulting from obstruction of one of the sebaceous glands
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| conjunctivitis | also known as pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, usually caused by an injury, causes a red area over thewhite of the eye.
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| subconjunctival hemorrhage | a bleeding between the conjunctiva and the sclera. this common condition, usually caused by injury, causes a red area over the white of the eye
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| xerophthalmia | also known as dry eye, is the drying of eye surfaces, including the conjunctiva, that may be due to disease or to a lack in vitamin A in the diet.
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| scleritis | and inflammation of the sclera
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| keratitis | an inflammation of the cornea
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| kerat | cornea
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| corneal abrasion | and injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea
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| pterygium (teh-rij-ee-um) | a noncancerous growth that develops on the cornea and can grow large enough to distort vision
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| iritis | is an inflammation of the iris
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| synechia (sigh-neck-ee-ah) | an adhesion that binds the jiris to an adjacent structure such as the lens or cornea
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| anisocoria | a condition in which the pupils are unequal in size. this my be congenital(present at birth) or caused by a head injury,aneurysm, or pathology of the central nevous system
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| anis/o | unequal
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| cor | pupil
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| cataract | the loss of transparency of the lens.this may be congenital or caused by trauma(injury) or disease; however, the formation of most cataracts is associated with aging
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| floaters | also known as vitreous floaters, are particles of cellular debris that float in the vitreous fluid and cast shadows on the retina. occur normally with aging or in association with vitreous detatchments, rentinal tears, or intraocular inflamminations
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| nystagmus | an involuntary, constant, rhythmic movment of the eyeball. it may be congenital, or caused by neurological injury or drug use
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| papiledema | also known as chocked disk, is swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye through the optic disk, this swelling is caused by increased intracranial pressure and may be due to a tumor pressing on the optic nerve
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| pappill | nipple like
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| edema | swelling
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| detached retina | also known as retina detachment, the retina is kpulled away from its normal position of being attached to the choroid in the back of the eye. a retinal tear occurs when a hole developes in the retina as it is pulled away from its normal position
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| uveitis | is an inflammation any where in the uveal tract. it may affect the choroid, iris, or cilliary body and has many possible causes, including cataracts, swelling of the retina, and glaucoma
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| uve | uveal tract
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| diplopia | also known as double vision, is the perception of two images of a single object
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| dipl | double
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| opia | vision condition
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| hemianopia | blindness in one half of the visual field
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| monochromatism | also known as color blindness, is the inability to distiguish certain colors
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| mon/o | one
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| chomat | color
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| nyctalopia | night blindness, a condition in which an idividual with normal say time vision has difficulty seeing at night
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| nyctal | night
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| presbyopia | discribes the common changes in the eyes that occur w/ aging
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| strabismus | also known as squint, is a disorder in which the eyes point in differnt directions or are not aligned correctly because the eye muscles are unable to focus together
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| esotropia | croos-eyes,
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| eso- | inward
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| exotopia | walleye, is srabismus characterized by the outward deviation of one eye relative to the other
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| exo- | outward
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| phacoemulsification | the use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and break up a cataract making removal easier.
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| pseudo phakia | an eye in which the natural lens has been replaced w/ an intraocular lens
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| pseudo/o | false
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| phak | lens
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| intraocular lens | an artificial lens that is surgically implanted to replace the natural lens
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| laser iridotomy | used to treat acute , or closed-angle, glaucoma by creating an opening ith the iris to allow drainage
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| laser trabeculoplasty | used to treat chronic, or open- angle, glaucoma by creating an opening in the trabecular mesh worl to allow fluid to drain properly.
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| LASIK (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis | is used to treat vision conditions, such as myopia, that are caused by the shape of the cornea. during this procedure, a flap is opened in the surface of the cornea and then a laser is used to change the shape of a deep corneal layer
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| photo-refractive keratectomy | used to correct refractive errors by shaving away some of the top layer of the cornea.
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| retin opexy | is used to reattach the detached area in a retinal detachment
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| photocoagulation | the use of lasers to treat some forms of macular degeneration by sealing leaking or damaged blood vessels
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