MEDSCI 142
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| Arteries in circuit | -high pressure -away from heart -small outlets
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| Veins in circuit | -low pressure -towards heart large inlets -8% of blood
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| Portal veins | -connect two capillary beds -hepatic
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| Systematic circuit | -bring oxygen to organs via aorta -high pressure & resistance -1pump=5L/min at rest
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| Pulmonary circuit | -get oxygenated blood from lungs -via pulmonary artery & vein -medium pressure & resistance
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| Auricle | appendage increasing volume of atrium
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| oxgen in heart | -Pulmonary arteries & vena cava (deoxygenated blood) -Pulmonary veins & Aorta (deoxygenated)
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| Flow of blood around the body | Lungs-pulmonaryvein-L atrium-mitralvalve-Lventrical-aorta-body/tissue-venacava-Ratrium-tricuspidvalve-Rventrical-pulmonary artery-lungs.......
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| Ventricular inlet valves | -Mitral(L),tricuspid(R) -2/3 flat flats -fibrous CT -tethered by Cordae Tendinea
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| Ventricular outlet valves | -Pulmonary(R),Atriac(L)
-3cusps -pocket-shaped -parachute
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| Pericardium | *double-walled bag that heart is enclosed in *visceral &parietal
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| Visceral pericardium | *innerwall adheres to heart*forms outer space=epicardium
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| Parietal pericardium | *tough fibrous outer wall
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| Pericardium space | *serous fluid *layers slide over one-another without friction
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| Fibrous skeleton | *maintains size of openings *electrical insulator
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| Conduction system step 1 | *sino atrial node-->atrial muscle *slow 0.5m/s *atrial contraction
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| conduction system step 2 | *atrioventricular node *slow 0.05m/s *100msec delay
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| Conduction system step 3 | *AVbundle-->purkinje fibres *fast 5m/s *ventricular contraction
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| Elastic artery | *V. large-fits finger *up to 100 elastic sheets *smooth pulsatile flow
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| elastic artery during diastole | *elastic recoil *pumps blood into atrial tree
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| elastic artery systole | *expand *bolus of blood leaving ventricle
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| Muscular artery | *size:pin-pen *distribute blood at high pressure *small change r= large change in flow rate *many layers of smooth muscle
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| Arteriole | *control blood flow to capillary beds *& change in blood pressure *size: hair *1-3 layers smooth muscle *1/2 size lumen *thickest wall in comparison
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| Capillary | *exchanges nurtients, wastes & gas *slow blood flow *leaky vessels *thin, fits 1 red blood cells *single cell epithelium
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| Venule | *drains capillaries *low pressure *during infection-site where WBC's leave blood
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| vein | *low pressure *drain into atria *thin-walled *most blood stored here (64%) *soft walls stretch easily
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| *outlet: closed *inlet:open *80% filling *ventricle pressure below atrials
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| Atrial contraction | *squeezes last 20% *blackflow due to no valves in atria
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| Isovolumetric ventricular contraction | *ventricle contracts and causes pressure inside to rise *first beat *inlet & outlet closed
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| Ventricular ejection | *inlet: closed *outlet: open *pressure inside V. becomes larger than in aorta *blood leaves vetricle
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| Isovolumetric ventricular Relaxation | *inlet & outlet:closed *pressure inside ventricle lower than A *aortic valve prevents influx into ventricle *second beat
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| Cardiac cycle | ventricular filling>atrial contraction>isovolumetric ventricular contraction>ventricular ejection>isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
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| Coronary arteries | *arise from aorta *supply myocardium *small muscular *critical-supply heart with blood
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| what is the name for the disease where the blood runs low on oxygen? | Ischemia-severe cases can cause infarction of local areas of myocardium
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| name for chest pain from lack of oxygen? | Angina
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| Infarction? | -tissue damage to the heart
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| myocardium | -cardiac muscle
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| Mitral regugitation | *mitral valves don't close properly *due to stretching of fibrous rings *blood flows back into atrium
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| Dilated cardiomyopathy | *unkwown cause *muscles weak & slow to contract *mostly LV-high BP *LV dilates *ratio still 3:1 LV:RV *fibrous ring stretches *mitral valve no longer meets
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| mitral regurgitation effect on pressure | *LA pressure rises due to regurgitation *hissing noise of heart beats dues to back flow
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| Discomfort during breathing= ??? | *dyspnoea
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| Mitral regurgitation *breathlessness* | *pressure in atrium rises-rise in capillary P-leaky capillaries-water logged lungs-difficulty breathing(dysponoea)
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| mitral regurgitation effects on system | *lungs=rigid,heavy,wetter *LV pump more blood to maintain C.O *LA works harder to fill LV *breathing requires more work
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| Viscous cycle | *cardiac muscle disease *LV dilation *mitral valve stretches *incr. mitral regurgitation *Volume load on LV *LV dilation.....
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| C.O= | Heart rate (Beats per time) X Stroke Volume (volume ejected each contraction)
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| Cardiac Output | *demand-> supply *O2use->O2 supply *brain communicates with heart
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| Cardiac reserve | max C.O - rest CO
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| Venous return | Volume of blood returning to heart per minute (vol/min)
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| Stroke volume | *volume of blood ejected from the heart per heart beat *healthy heart pumps all blood *more out=more in
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| Frank-starlying law | the more the heart is filled during diastole the greater the force of contraction in systole
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| Regulation of stroke volume | *3 factors *pre-load *contraction *afterload
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| Pre-load (stroke vol. reg.) | *stretch of heart *myocardium's response to stretch *more stretch=more force *starlings law
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| Contraction | *strength of individual muscle contractions at any given preload *effected by inotropic agents
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| name of agents that effect contractility? | Inotropic agent
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| +ve Inotropic agent | -SV incr -constant preload -promote Ca2+ influx -strengthens F of next contraction -
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| -ve inotropic agent | -decrease SV -inhibition of sympathetic ANS, anoxia, acidosis -incr k+, ca blockers
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| Afterload | -pressure that must be exceeded before ejection can occur -high afterload=low SV *more blood left in ventricle
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| Regulating Heart Beat | *critical in maintaining C.O & BP *rhythmic palpitations *controlled by excitatory signals within heart
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| Autorhythmicity | *heart continues to beat when removed from body
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| Conduction system of heart (order) | (1) sino Atrial Node (2)AV node (3)AV bundle (4)R&L bundle branches (5) purkinje fibres
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| Purkinje Fibres | have large diameter=rapid conduction output & up from apex
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| refractory period | *second contraction can't be triggered
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| ECG stands for? | electrocardiogram
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| Electrocardiogram | -APs generated detected at bodies surface -composite record of AP from all fibres during beat
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| Summation | -combined AP of all areas of heart -gives measurable parameters
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| P wave | *atrial depol *large=damage to aorta, large atria
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| QRS wave | *onset of ventricular depol.(rapid) *large R=enlarged V *large Q=infarction
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| T wave | *V repol.(slower) *flat=insufficient O2 *high=high k
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| nerve system (control of heart) | *parasympathetic *sympathetic
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| Parasympathetic | *vagus *slows HR *incr vagal nerve action *slows depol
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| Sympathetic | *norepinephrine released from SA node *B-receptors activate-speed up depol. *incr HR *incr ca entry *incr contractions *incr SV
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| Blood Pressure | *allow exchange in capillaries *movement of blood & intertitial fluid
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| Diffusion | *[02 & nutrients] high in blood *[CO2 & waste] high in interstitial fluid *down [grad]
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| Arterioles & BP | *resistance vessels *lots of SM * nerve impulses *hormones-activate SM *tonic vasoconstriction
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| Bulk flow | filtration + reabsorption
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| Pressure promoting filtration | (1)blood hydrostatic pressure- P of water in plasma on cap. walls
(2)Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure- small, tiny amount s of protein in interstitial fluid
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| Pre-fusion pressure | *driving force of exchange in capillary beds -Bp high=filtration -Bp low=absorption
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| pressure promoting reabsorption | (1) blood colloid osmotic pressure- large components not freely filtered
(2)interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure- opposed blood hydrostatic pressure
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| BP during systole | -highest arterial pressure -falls as distance from LV increases
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| BP during Diastole | -lowest arterial pressure
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| Mean arterial pressure | roughly 1/3 between diastole & systole P
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| BP= | C.OxTPR (total peripheral resistance)
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| TPR | -total peripheral resistance -effected by: *R small changes cause big changes in TPR *viscosity *blood vessel length
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| viscosity | *high-dehydrated=polycytemia
*low-anaemia=haemorrhage
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