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Cardiovascular sys.
MEDSCI 142
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Arteries in circuit | -high pressure -away from heart -small outlets |
| Veins in circuit | -low pressure -towards heart large inlets -8% of blood |
| Portal veins | -connect two capillary beds -hepatic |
| Systematic circuit | -bring oxygen to organs via aorta -high pressure & resistance -1pump=5L/min at rest |
| Pulmonary circuit | -get oxygenated blood from lungs -via pulmonary artery & vein -medium pressure & resistance |
| Auricle | appendage increasing volume of atrium |
| oxgen in heart | -Pulmonary arteries & vena cava (deoxygenated blood) -Pulmonary veins & Aorta (deoxygenated) |
| Flow of blood around the body | Lungs-pulmonaryvein-L atrium-mitralvalve-Lventrical-aorta-body/tissue-venacava-Ratrium-tricuspidvalve-Rventrical-pulmonary artery-lungs....... |
| Ventricular inlet valves | -Mitral(L),tricuspid(R) -2/3 flat flats -fibrous CT -tethered by Cordae Tendinea |
| Ventricular outlet valves | -Pulmonary(R),Atriac(L) -3cusps -pocket-shaped -parachute |
| Pericardium | *double-walled bag that heart is enclosed in *visceral &parietal |
| Visceral pericardium | *innerwall adheres to heart*forms outer space=epicardium |
| Parietal pericardium | *tough fibrous outer wall |
| Pericardium space | *serous fluid *layers slide over one-another without friction |
| Fibrous skeleton | *maintains size of openings *electrical insulator |
| Conduction system step 1 | *sino atrial node-->atrial muscle *slow 0.5m/s *atrial contraction |
| conduction system step 2 | *atrioventricular node *slow 0.05m/s *100msec delay |
| Conduction system step 3 | *AVbundle-->purkinje fibres *fast 5m/s *ventricular contraction |
| Elastic artery | *V. large-fits finger *up to 100 elastic sheets *smooth pulsatile flow |
| elastic artery during diastole | *elastic recoil *pumps blood into atrial tree |
| elastic artery systole | *expand *bolus of blood leaving ventricle |
| Muscular artery | *size:pin-pen *distribute blood at high pressure *small change r= large change in flow rate *many layers of smooth muscle |
| Arteriole | *control blood flow to capillary beds *& change in blood pressure *size: hair *1-3 layers smooth muscle *1/2 size lumen *thickest wall in comparison |
| Capillary | *exchanges nurtients, wastes & gas *slow blood flow *leaky vessels *thin, fits 1 red blood cells *single cell epithelium |
| Venule | *drains capillaries *low pressure *during infection-site where WBC's leave blood |
| vein | *low pressure *drain into atria *thin-walled *most blood stored here (64%) *soft walls stretch easily |
| *outlet: closed *inlet:open *80% filling *ventricle pressure below atrials | |
| Atrial contraction | *squeezes last 20% *blackflow due to no valves in atria |
| Isovolumetric ventricular contraction | *ventricle contracts and causes pressure inside to rise *first beat *inlet & outlet closed |
| Ventricular ejection | *inlet: closed *outlet: open *pressure inside V. becomes larger than in aorta *blood leaves vetricle |
| Isovolumetric ventricular Relaxation | *inlet & outlet:closed *pressure inside ventricle lower than A *aortic valve prevents influx into ventricle *second beat |
| Cardiac cycle | ventricular filling>atrial contraction>isovolumetric ventricular contraction>ventricular ejection>isovolumetric ventricular relaxation |
| Coronary arteries | *arise from aorta *supply myocardium *small muscular *critical-supply heart with blood |
| what is the name for the disease where the blood runs low on oxygen? | Ischemia-severe cases can cause infarction of local areas of myocardium |
| name for chest pain from lack of oxygen? | Angina |
| Infarction? | -tissue damage to the heart |
| myocardium | -cardiac muscle |
| Mitral regugitation | *mitral valves don't close properly *due to stretching of fibrous rings *blood flows back into atrium |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | *unkwown cause *muscles weak & slow to contract *mostly LV-high BP *LV dilates *ratio still 3:1 LV:RV *fibrous ring stretches *mitral valve no longer meets |
| mitral regurgitation effect on pressure | *LA pressure rises due to regurgitation *hissing noise of heart beats dues to back flow |
| Discomfort during breathing= ??? | *dyspnoea |
| Mitral regurgitation *breathlessness* | *pressure in atrium rises-rise in capillary P-leaky capillaries-water logged lungs-difficulty breathing(dysponoea) |
| mitral regurgitation effects on system | *lungs=rigid,heavy,wetter *LV pump more blood to maintain C.O *LA works harder to fill LV *breathing requires more work |
| Viscous cycle | *cardiac muscle disease *LV dilation *mitral valve stretches *incr. mitral regurgitation *Volume load on LV *LV dilation..... |
| C.O= | Heart rate (Beats per time) X Stroke Volume (volume ejected each contraction) |
| Cardiac Output | *demand-> supply *O2use->O2 supply *brain communicates with heart |
| Cardiac reserve | max C.O - rest CO |
| Venous return | Volume of blood returning to heart per minute (vol/min) |
| Stroke volume | *volume of blood ejected from the heart per heart beat *healthy heart pumps all blood *more out=more in |
| Frank-starlying law | the more the heart is filled during diastole the greater the force of contraction in systole |
| Regulation of stroke volume | *3 factors *pre-load *contraction *afterload |
| Pre-load (stroke vol. reg.) | *stretch of heart *myocardium's response to stretch *more stretch=more force *starlings law |
| Contraction | *strength of individual muscle contractions at any given preload *effected by inotropic agents |
| name of agents that effect contractility? | Inotropic agent |
| +ve Inotropic agent | -SV incr -constant preload -promote Ca2+ influx -strengthens F of next contraction - |
| -ve inotropic agent | -decrease SV -inhibition of sympathetic ANS, anoxia, acidosis -incr k+, ca blockers |
| Afterload | -pressure that must be exceeded before ejection can occur -high afterload=low SV *more blood left in ventricle |
| Regulating Heart Beat | *critical in maintaining C.O & BP *rhythmic palpitations *controlled by excitatory signals within heart |
| Autorhythmicity | *heart continues to beat when removed from body |
| Conduction system of heart (order) | (1) sino Atrial Node (2)AV node (3)AV bundle (4)R&L bundle branches (5) purkinje fibres |
| Purkinje Fibres | have large diameter=rapid conduction output & up from apex |
| refractory period | *second contraction can't be triggered |
| ECG stands for? | electrocardiogram |
| Electrocardiogram | -APs generated detected at bodies surface -composite record of AP from all fibres during beat |
| Summation | -combined AP of all areas of heart -gives measurable parameters |
| P wave | *atrial depol *large=damage to aorta, large atria |
| QRS wave | *onset of ventricular depol.(rapid) *large R=enlarged V *large Q=infarction |
| T wave | *V repol.(slower) *flat=insufficient O2 *high=high k |
| nerve system (control of heart) | *parasympathetic *sympathetic |
| Parasympathetic | *vagus *slows HR *incr vagal nerve action *slows depol |
| Sympathetic | *norepinephrine released from SA node *B-receptors activate-speed up depol. *incr HR *incr ca entry *incr contractions *incr SV |
| Blood Pressure | *allow exchange in capillaries *movement of blood & intertitial fluid |
| Diffusion | *[02 & nutrients] high in blood *[CO2 & waste] high in interstitial fluid *down [grad] |
| Arterioles & BP | *resistance vessels *lots of SM * nerve impulses *hormones-activate SM *tonic vasoconstriction |
| Bulk flow | filtration + reabsorption |
| Pressure promoting filtration | (1)blood hydrostatic pressure- P of water in plasma on cap. walls (2)Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure- small, tiny amount s of protein in interstitial fluid |
| Pre-fusion pressure | *driving force of exchange in capillary beds -Bp high=filtration -Bp low=absorption |
| pressure promoting reabsorption | (1) blood colloid osmotic pressure- large components not freely filtered (2)interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure- opposed blood hydrostatic pressure |
| BP during systole | -highest arterial pressure -falls as distance from LV increases |
| BP during Diastole | -lowest arterial pressure |
| Mean arterial pressure | roughly 1/3 between diastole & systole P |
| BP= | C.OxTPR (total peripheral resistance) |
| TPR | -total peripheral resistance -effected by: *R small changes cause big changes in TPR *viscosity *blood vessel length |
| viscosity | *high-dehydrated=polycytemia *low-anaemia=haemorrhage |
Created by:
meglet
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