MEDSCI 142
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| What are the major subdivisions of the brain? | Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
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| Primary Motor Cortex | *controls movement opposite side*more specific movement has larger area e.g hands*homunculus map-somatotopical*
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| Primary Somatosensory Cortex | *sensations(pain,pressure,touch,temperature)*somatotopical*opposite side*large area for sensitive body parts e.g face,hands*
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| Primary Visual Cortex | *seeing from opposite side*visuotopical-retinotopical*information-->secondary visual cortices(supplementary)
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| Vision range relating to the brain | innerfield=occipital lobe---peripheral/outer field=deeper in occipital
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| Primary auditory Cortex | *sounds-input from ear*Audiotopic- high-->low frequency
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| Verbal Language areas | Broca's speech region*wernicke's speech region*Exners area
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| Broca's speech region | Instructs motor cortex for speech
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| Wernicke's Speech region | speech recognition*Interprets words & audio
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| Exner's speech region |
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| Asphasia | speech disorder involved with the brain=Wernicke's or Broca's region
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| What connects the broca's and Wernicke's speech regions? | Arcuate Fisculusis
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| Non-dominant hemishere | -Right side *Artistic/musical skills *Spatial Skills *Emotional expression *Body language *Conceptual understanding
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| Frontal association Cortex | *personality*intelligence*mood*behaivour*cognitive function
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| Temporal Association Cortex | *intelligence*agression*mood*memory
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| Parietal Association Cortex | *spatial skills-abstract perception-faces-written words -concepts
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| Sulcri | gap between folds
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| Gyri | folds
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| fissure | very deep fold
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| Two important Gyri | *supramarginal & angular gyrus *reading & Writing
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| how many desmosomes? | *30*not associated with skin=4*each spinal nerve to different regions
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| spinal nerves names and numbers | total=31 *cervical=8 *thoracic=12 *Lumbar=5 *sucral=5 *coccygeal=1
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| Encapsulated receptors | *myelinated *pressure & touch *fast 50m/s *discriminative (precision) *schwann cell
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| Non-ecapsulated receptors | *non-myelinated *slow 1m/s *temperature & pain *non-discriminative (less & not as precise)
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| Touch receptors | *myelinated *Meissner corpuscles
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| Pressure receptors | *myelinated *pacinian Curpuscles
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| Temperature & pain | *free nerve endings
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| high density receptors | highly sensitive areas e.g hands, face
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| Touch and pressure damage *spinal cord | -same side of body *before decussation
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| Touch and pressure damage *brain/stem | -opposite side of the body -after decussation
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| Pain and Temperature damage *brain/stem | -opposite side of the body -after decussation
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| Pain and Temperature damage *spinal cord | -opposite side of the body -before decussation
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| Lesions in the brain/stem | -associative -both pain,temp,pressure,touch on opposite side
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| Lesions in the spinal cord | -dissociative -opposite sides effected -pain&temp=opp -press&touch= same
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| Discriminative | -myelinated -fast 50m/s -decussation in brainstem medulla - (gracile&cuneate nuclei) -touch
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| Non-discriminative | -non-myelinated -slow 1m/s -decussation in spinal cord -anterior white commisure
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| Parkinson symptoms | *mood *tremor at rest *Brandykinesia *hypokinesia *rigidity
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| Hypokinesia | -reduced movements
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| Brandykinesia | -slowness of movements -illegible writing
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| tremor at rest | -pill rolling -shaking -normally upper limbs
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| mood | -emotionally flat -can't express emotions & inner feelings (in face)
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| Rigid | -increased muscle tone and tension -rigid face-->unemotional
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| Treatments | -dopamine replacement -surgical lesions -deep brain stimulation
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| Dopamine replacement | -L-dopa(precussor of Dopamine) addded and relies on cells to convert it -dosage incr. with disease progression =side effects
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| surgical lesions | -pallidotomy -thalamotomy
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| Pallidotomy | -pallidus globus -freeze cells -instant results -high accuracy but not success
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| Thalamotomy | - VA-VL thalamus -one side of the brain only
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| Deep brain stimulation | -no damage to cells -GPi, Thalamus, subthalamic nucleus
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| novel new treatments | *adult brain stemcells *embryonicstemcells *immature nuerons (fetal) *genetically engineered *gene therapy
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| Upper motor nueron damge | *spastic paraylsis *increased reflexes *decrease precise voluntary movement
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| Lower motor nueron lesion | *Flaccid paralysis *no reflexes or movement-wasted muscle-polio
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