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The Human Brain
MEDSCI 142
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the major subdivisions of the brain? | Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal |
| Primary Motor Cortex | *controls movement opposite side*more specific movement has larger area e.g hands*homunculus map-somatotopical* |
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex | *sensations(pain,pressure,touch,temperature)*somatotopical*opposite side*large area for sensitive body parts e.g face,hands* |
| Primary Visual Cortex | *seeing from opposite side*visuotopical-retinotopical*information-->secondary visual cortices(supplementary) |
| Vision range relating to the brain | innerfield=occipital lobe---peripheral/outer field=deeper in occipital |
| Primary auditory Cortex | *sounds-input from ear*Audiotopic- high-->low frequency |
| Verbal Language areas | Broca's speech region*wernicke's speech region*Exners area |
| Broca's speech region | Instructs motor cortex for speech |
| Wernicke's Speech region | speech recognition*Interprets words & audio |
| Exner's speech region | |
| Asphasia | speech disorder involved with the brain=Wernicke's or Broca's region |
| What connects the broca's and Wernicke's speech regions? | Arcuate Fisculusis |
| Non-dominant hemishere | -Right side *Artistic/musical skills *Spatial Skills *Emotional expression *Body language *Conceptual understanding |
| Frontal association Cortex | *personality*intelligence*mood*behaivour*cognitive function |
| Temporal Association Cortex | *intelligence*agression*mood*memory |
| Parietal Association Cortex | *spatial skills-abstract perception-faces-written words -concepts |
| Sulcri | gap between folds |
| Gyri | folds |
| fissure | very deep fold |
| Two important Gyri | *supramarginal & angular gyrus *reading & Writing |
| how many desmosomes? | *30*not associated with skin=4*each spinal nerve to different regions |
| spinal nerves names and numbers | total=31 *cervical=8 *thoracic=12 *Lumbar=5 *sucral=5 *coccygeal=1 |
| Encapsulated receptors | *myelinated *pressure & touch *fast 50m/s *discriminative (precision) *schwann cell |
| Non-ecapsulated receptors | *non-myelinated *slow 1m/s *temperature & pain *non-discriminative (less & not as precise) |
| Touch receptors | *myelinated *Meissner corpuscles |
| Pressure receptors | *myelinated *pacinian Curpuscles |
| Temperature & pain | *free nerve endings |
| high density receptors | highly sensitive areas e.g hands, face |
| Touch and pressure damage *spinal cord | -same side of body *before decussation |
| Touch and pressure damage *brain/stem | -opposite side of the body -after decussation |
| Pain and Temperature damage *brain/stem | -opposite side of the body -after decussation |
| Pain and Temperature damage *spinal cord | -opposite side of the body -before decussation |
| Lesions in the brain/stem | -associative -both pain,temp,pressure,touch on opposite side |
| Lesions in the spinal cord | -dissociative -opposite sides effected -pain&temp=opp -press&touch= same |
| Discriminative | -myelinated -fast 50m/s -decussation in brainstem medulla - (gracile&cuneate nuclei) -touch |
| Non-discriminative | -non-myelinated -slow 1m/s -decussation in spinal cord -anterior white commisure |
| Parkinson symptoms | *mood *tremor at rest *Brandykinesia *hypokinesia *rigidity |
| Hypokinesia | -reduced movements |
| Brandykinesia | -slowness of movements -illegible writing |
| tremor at rest | -pill rolling -shaking -normally upper limbs |
| mood | -emotionally flat -can't express emotions & inner feelings (in face) |
| Rigid | -increased muscle tone and tension -rigid face-->unemotional |
| Treatments | -dopamine replacement -surgical lesions -deep brain stimulation |
| Dopamine replacement | -L-dopa(precussor of Dopamine) addded and relies on cells to convert it -dosage incr. with disease progression =side effects |
| surgical lesions | -pallidotomy -thalamotomy |
| Pallidotomy | -pallidus globus -freeze cells -instant results -high accuracy but not success |
| Thalamotomy | - VA-VL thalamus -one side of the brain only |
| Deep brain stimulation | -no damage to cells -GPi, Thalamus, subthalamic nucleus |
| novel new treatments | *adult brain stemcells *embryonicstemcells *immature nuerons (fetal) *genetically engineered *gene therapy |
| Upper motor nueron damge | *spastic paraylsis *increased reflexes *decrease precise voluntary movement |
| Lower motor nueron lesion | *Flaccid paralysis *no reflexes or movement-wasted muscle-polio |
Created by:
meglet
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