Pharmacology HIM1442
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| drugs from ancient sources were | originally derived from plant, animal, or mineral sources
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| drugs from a totally new chemical can be | discovered in environment from plants, animals, oceans, or soil
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| originally derived from needles of Pacific yew tree; used for chemo | Taxol
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| drugs from a totally new chemical can be derived from | molecular manipulation of drug that is already in use
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| drug that has same chemical formula as another drug, but has those atoms arranged in different way | isomer
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| totally new drugs can be created through | genetic manipulation
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| involves using enzymes in a test tube to cut apart segment of DNA molecule; clone it; attach back together with bacterial cell | recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology
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| group of physicians & pharmacists who review clinical trials of genetically engineered new drugs & make recommendations to FDA | Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee
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| involves use if stem cells to repair/replace damaged cells in body | stem cell therapy
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| normal version of gene is linked to harmless virus; virus carries gene into body cells affected by disease | gene therapy
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| computer database where researchers are able to do an online match between genetic profile of a disease & genetic profile of drug that could be used to treat that disease | The Connectivity Map
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| accurately described its molecular structure & distinguishes it from all other chemicals | chemical name
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| 2nd name for a drug determined by drug company together with US Adopted Names (USAN) Council | generic name
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| after FDA give final approval for marketing, drug company creates 3rd name | brand/trade name
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| drug manufacturer selects trade name that indicates | type of disease condition/symptom drug being used to treat
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| drug manufacturer selects trade name that indicates what __ __ __ is being treated | part of body
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| drug manufacturer selects trade name that indicates __ or __ of drug | ingredients; source
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| drug manufacturer selects trade name that indicates __ __ of drug | therapeutic effect
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| drug manufacturer selects trade name that indicated how __ drug is to be taken | often
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| number of animals that respond/do no respond to drug & at what dose | frequency distribution curve
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| time required for drug level in serum to decrease from 100% to 50%; can be prolonged significantly when liver/kidney diseases decrease metabolism/excretion of drug | half-life
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| the short a drug's half-life | the more frequently it must be given
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| dose at which 50% of animals tested show therapeutic response to drug | median effective dose (ED50)
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| dose at which 50% of animals tested had toxic levels of drug | median toxicity dose (TD50)
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| relative margin of safety between dose that produces therapeutic effect & dose that produces lethal effect in animals | therapeutic index (TI)
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| three phases of human testing for a new drug | clinical trials
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| about 10-100 healthy volunteers are used to study a safe dose range, evaluate side effects, & establish final correct dose; informed consent mandatory; takes about 1-1/2 yrs | Phase I clinical trials
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| drug is given on experimental basis to about 50-500 patients who actually have disease; determines extent of therapeutic effect; takes about 2yrs | Phase II clinical trials
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| drug administered to several hundred-thousands of ill patients in exactly way in which it will be used once it is on market; performance comparison done w/similar drugs on market; usually lasts about 3 years | Phase III clinical trials
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| drug & placebo are administered, without patient/doctor knowing who receives drug/placebo | double-blind study
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| chemical analysis of drug in lab in test tubes; means in glass | in vitro testing
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| testing carried out in animals/humans | in vivo testing
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| precedes testing on humans | animal testing
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| using mathematics to described the mechanism of action by which drug produces its effects based on time/dose | pharmacodynamics
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| after completion of animal studies company submits | IND (Investigational New Drug) Application
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| IND (Investigational New Drug) Application contains | info about animal trials; shows drug not a risk to humans; includes chemistry of drug & manufacturing process
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| first benzodiazepine drug was chlordiazepoxide (Librium). In identifying this drug chlordiazepoxide is the _________ name | generic
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| ending of the generic name for a drug is -olol, therefore the drug is classified as a | beta blocker for hypertension and arrhythmias
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| by recognizing the ending of a generic name for tranquilizers, select the medication used for anxiety and neurosis | oxzepam
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| clinical trials for a new drug generally take about | 6-1/2 years
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Created by:
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