Anat and phys Marieb chap 23 review - Digestive
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| Mrs. Wong emergency room with the symptoms: severe pain in the umbilical region, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. While she was waiting to see a doctor, the pain moved to the lower right abdominal quadrant. What is the diagnosis and treatment? | The diagnosis is appendicitis. The treatment is immediate surgical removal of the appendix.
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| The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________. | digestion
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| Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria? | synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins
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| The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons. T/F | false
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| Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________. | catabolism
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| The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. | mesenteries
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| The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________. | lamina propria
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| The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodules, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the ________. | submucosa
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| Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds? | filliform fungiform circumvallate
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| The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function. T/F | True
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| The major stimulus for production of intestinal fluid is distention or irritation of the intestinal mucosa by hypertonic or acidic chyme. T/F | True
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| Chyme is created in the _____ | stomach
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| Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? | enteroendocrine
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| Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________. | protein and peptide fragments
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| ________ is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion. | carbohydrates
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| Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________. | secretin
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| All the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels. T/F | True
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| A 45-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of cirrhosis of the liver. He is thin and malnourished, but his abdomen is very large, and his lower extremities are very swollen. Why did these physical changes occur? | Cirrhosis is characterized by extensive degeneration and destruction of the liver parenchymal cells, replaced with scar tissue. When the scar tissue shrinks, portal hypertension results and edema and ascites in the abdomen are the clinical manifestations.
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| Which organ has a main function to filter and process the nutrient rich blood delivered to it | liver
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| Which organ contains brush border enzymes that complete the digestion of carbs and proteins | small and large intestines
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| Which vitamins are made by the bacteria in the large intestine? | B complex and K vitamins
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| Which organ produces intrinsic factor | stomach
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| Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile? | cholecystokinin (CCK)
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| Hepatocytes do not ________. | produce digestive enzymes
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| Pancreatic amylase does not get to the small intestine via the ________. | cystic duct
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| Dentin anchors the tooth in place T/F | False
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| Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins? | trypsin
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| ________ is the principal enzyme for breaking down carbohydrates. | amylase
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| Richard is told by his family doctor that he is bleeding from either the colon or the rectum, and he should see a specialist as soon as possible. Which specialist should he go see? | proctologist
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| ______ and ______ are absorbed mostly by the duodenum. | iron, calcium
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| Saliva contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins T/F | False
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| Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________. | cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction
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| After a meal high in fat ______ would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the _____ | bile, duodenum
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| Peyer’s patches destroy _____ | bacteria
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| _______ is considered to be an accessory organ of the digestive system? | Gallbladder
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| Which digestive process normally occurs only in the mouth? | Ingestion
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| The _______ is the serous membrane that lines the body wall. | parietal peritoneum
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| The innermost tissue layer of the alimentary canal is the __________. | mucosa
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| Which histological layer of the digestive tract is composed primarily of epithelial tissue? | mucosa
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| The_________ is the last segment of the small intestine. | ileum
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| What role of the stomach is essential to life? | production of intrinsic factor
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| Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs in the: | small intestine
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| ______ can result if food passes too slowly through the large intestine. | constipation
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| Amalyse is for ______ digestion | carbohydrate
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| Protease is for ____ digestion | lipid digestion
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| Nuclease is for _____ digestion | dna and rna digestion
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| Lipase is for ____ digestion | fat digestion
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| What is the major function of the pancreas? | production of digestive enzymes
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| Blood drained from the stomach is more alkaline (basic) than blood that serves the stomach. T/F | true
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| Which enzymes are responsible for the final chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleic acids? | brush border enzymes
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| Absorbed lipids are transported from intestinal epithelial cells to the lymphatic system in what form? | in the form of chylomicrons
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| In order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases occurs in the: | duodenum
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| During deglutition, the bolus passes into the stomach from the esophagus through the: | gastroesophageal sphincter
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| During the intestinal phase of gastric regulation the stomach is initially ____ and later _____ | stimulated; inhibited
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| Protective collections of lymphocytes and macrophages occur in: | peyers patches
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| What is the main organic molecule digested in the stomach? | proteins
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| The propulsive function that occurs in the esophagus is called: | peristalsis
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| The large intestine contain a large number of bacteria T/F | True
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| Which regulatory chemical stimulates gastric gland activity and motility? | gastrin
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| List the layers of the walls of the GI tract in order | mucosa submucosa muscularis externa serosa
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| The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed from the union of the: | bile duct and main pancreatic duct.
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| What would be the effect of stripping the small intestines of their villi? | Decreased surface area for absorption would cause weight loss to occur.
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| List several products produced by the stomach | HCL, intrinsic factor, mucous, pepsinogen
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| The final product of carbohydrate digestion is: | monosaccharides
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| The digestive system in a cadaver is longer than in a living person because, in a cadaver, there is no: | muscle tone
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| The short reflexes in the digestive system are stimulated by: | enteric plexus
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| The mysentery is composed of a layer of serous membrane fused with a layer of mucus membrane. T/F | false
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| The mysentery provides a route for blood vessel, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive viscera. T/f | True
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| What is the most common cause of peritonitis? | a burst appendix
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| The myxovirus causes: | mumps
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| Halitosis is caused by: | increased activity of anaerobic bacterial activity at the back of the tongue.
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| Which dental condition is directly associated with an increased risk for heart disease and stroke? | periodontitus
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| The ___________ phase of gastric secretion is considered a conditioned reflex. | cephalic
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| Vasoactive intestinal peptide is not part of the enterogastrone hormones? T/F | False
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| Hollow organs, like the stomach, that act as reservoirs exhibit: | plasticity
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| Many of the early food allergies seen in infants are caused by: | absorption of whole proteins
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| A condition that affects the large bowel and has no physiological or anatomical cause is: | irritable bowel syndrome
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| Amino-acid absorption is coupled to the active transport of sodium. T/F | True (This makes amino-acid absorption ATP dependent.)
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| Bile digests fats and related lipids. T/F | False (Bile is an emulsifying agent.)
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| Defecation is mediated by a sympathetic spinal cord reflex. T/F | False (the reflex is parasympathetic)
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| In addition to gastrin, the stomach produces serotonin and histamine to regulate smooth muscle contraction and parietal cells' release of HCl, respectively. T/F | True (there are three excitatory gastric hormones)
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| Portal triads contain a branch of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile duct. T/F | True
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| Protein digestion begins in the oral cavity under the action of salivary peptidase. T/F | False (Protein digestion begins in the stomach under the action of pepsin.)
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| The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ. T/F | True (the pancreas does NOT have a serosa layer)
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| The pyloric sphincter regulates passage of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum. T/F | True (During the intestinal phase of gastric activity, the pyloric sphincter is usually closed.)
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| The vermiform appendix essentially has no purpose. T/F | False (The appendix is considered to be a lymphoid structure.)
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| The hepatopancreatic ampulla is composed of the pancreatic duct and the lesser hepatic duct. T/F | False (The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct form the ampulla.)
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| The order of the large intestines is: cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon. T/F | True
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| The submucosa is in direct contact with food. T/F | False (the mucosa is the innermost layer)
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| Digested fats are absorbed into intestinal capillaries. T/F | False (into lymphatic lacteals)
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| The submucosal plexus controls the motility of the digestive tract. T/F | False (The myenteric plexus controls smooth muscle.)
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| An adult has 20 teeth. T/F | False (32)
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| The accessory organs for digestion include the | teeth, tongue, gallbladder, liver, various digestive glands, the pancreas, and the salivary glands.
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| The alimentary canal consists of the | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
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| The major site for nutrient absorption is the _____. | small intestine
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| The primary goal of digestive tract regulatory mechanisms is to optimize nutrient breakdown and absorption. T/F | True
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| The serous membrane that covers the external surface of most digestive organs is called the: | visceral peritoneum
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| _______ circulation collects nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract and delivers it to the liver. | hepatic portal
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| Saliva contains enzymes that break down proteins. T/F | False (carbohydrates)
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| A weak gastroesophageal sphincter can result in heartburn. T/F | True
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| The phases of gastric secretion from first to last are: | cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase.
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| The increased concentration of HCO3-in blood draining from the stomach is called __________. | alkaline tide
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| The_________ is the first segment of the small intestine. | duodenum
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| Digestion of carbohydrates and proteins by brush border enzymes occurs within the ________ of the small intestine. | microvilli
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| Bile is stored and concentrated in the____. | gallbladder
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| The liver has three lobes T/F | false (4)
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| CCK is found in pancreatic secretions T/F | False (Pancreatic juice contains water, enzymes, and electrolytes (mainly bicarbonate ions). Pancreatic enzymes include proteases to digest proteins (i.e. trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase), amylases, lipases, and nucleases)
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| Most digestion occurs in the small intestine. T/F | True
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| Most water is absorbed in the ________. | large intestine
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| The large intestine produces intrinsic factor T/F | False
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| Diarrhea results when food passes too quickly through the large intestine. | True
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| Pepsin enzymatically digests _____. | protein(Lipases digest fats, amylases digest carbohydrates, proteases (like pepsin) digest proteins, and nucleases digest nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA.)
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| Someone on a fat-free diet would not efficiently absorb vitamin D from their diet. T/F | True (fats are needed to absorb vitamin D)
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| In the ________ of gastric secretion, chyme is moved into the duodenum | intestinal phase
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| Which enzymes are responsible for the final chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleic acids? | brush border enzymes
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| ________ is a substance in food used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair. | A nutrient
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| ______ refers to reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. | Catabolism
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| Secretin and (CCK) are released by the large intestine. T/F | False (small intestine)
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| The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________ | lamina propria
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| Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds? | fungiform and circumvallate
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| The ________ phase of gastric secretions occurs before food enters the stomach | cephalic (or reflex)
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| The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow food. T/F | false
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| Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which cell types synthesize and secrete these products? | enteroendocrine cells
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| Hepatocytes produce digestive enzymes T/F | False
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| A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________. | bile
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| Which digestive process normally occurs only in the mouth? | ingestion
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| The _______ circulation includes all of the arteries that serve the digestive organs. | splanchnic
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| The primary dentition consists of _____ teeth. | 20
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| Bile is produced by the: | liver
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| Absorbed lipids are transported from intestinal epithelial cells to the lymphatic system in what form? | in the form of chylomicrons
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| Glycolysis occurs in the ______ of cells and is an _______ process. | cytosol; anaerobic
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| Which nutrient molecule is the pivotal fuel molecule in the oxidative pathways? | glucose
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| Ammonia, which is a byproduct of protein metabolism, is converted to _____ in the ______. | urea; liver
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| The primary goal during the postabsorptive state is to: | maintain blood glucose levels within a homeostatic range
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| ______ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are believed to increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. | LDLs
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| Which term describes the breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids? | lipolysis
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| The body's rate of kilocalorie consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities is called the: | total metabolic rate.
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| Which hormone directs essentially all events of the absorptive state? | insulin
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| A growing child is likely to exhibit negative nitrogen balance. T/F | false
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| What is the most essential role of the liver? | protein metabolism
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| Which brain region is the main integrating center for thermoregulation? | hypothalamus
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| Leptin is a short-term regulator of food intake. T/F | false
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| Most ATP in cellular respiration is generated in glycolysis. | false (Glycolysis only yields two ATP molecules per oxidized molecule of glucose. The electron transport chain yields the majority of the ATP produced in the complete oxidation of glucose)
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| Neurons and red blood cells rely exclusively on ________ to meet their energy needs. | glucose
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| What is the primary function of cellular respiration? | to generate ATP
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| Which nutrients function as coenzymes and are needed in only small amounts? | vitamins
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| The body is able to form glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. T/F | True
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| What is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? | conversion to a nucleic acid
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| In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except ________. | production of energy
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| Prostaglandins play a role in ________. | control of blood pressure
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| Define negative nitrogen balance? | Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis
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| Oxidation-reduction reactions are catalyzed by which enzymes? | dehydrogenases and oxidases
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| Oxidation reduction reactions ________. | may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons
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| The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________. | lipolysis
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| Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________. | transferred to a keto acid
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| Which nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? | fats
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| In the Krebs cycle, citric acid is followed by ________ acid. | isocitric
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| In order for amino acids to be oxidized for energy, the amine group (NH2) must be removed. T/F | true
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| The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing. T/F | true
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| As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids. | brain
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| High levels of HDLs are considered good. T/F | true
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| ________ is controlled hyperthermia. | fever
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| A deficit of potassium can cause rickets. T/F | false
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| The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR. | thyroxine
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| _____ processes exceed ______ ones during the absorptive state? | Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones
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| There are no complete proteins. All animal products should be eaten with plant material to make a complete protein. T/F | false
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