Final exam a&p2
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| What two cuts through the thoracic cavity would result in a piece of heart and lung? | Frontal and Transverse
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| Compared to the other extracellular fluids (interstitial and lymph) blood plasma has a higher concentration of _ | Proteins
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| The primary function of erythrocytes is _ | Transportation of oxygen
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| With what (or how) do red blood cells transport oxygen? | Hemoglobin
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| The first cells that are most active in non-specific inflammation response to foreign antigens are _ and _. | Macrophages and Neutrophils
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| Regarding the cardiovascular system, _ _ formation is a positive feedback mechanism and assists in the maintainance of homeostasis | blood clotting
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| What is necessary to form clotting factors for blood clot formation? | Vitamin K
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| In an ECG, during the QRS wave: What is happening | Ventricular Depolarization
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| What is happening with which valve | AV valve is closing
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| What sound is heard? | Lubb sound
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| Why are red blood cells unable to undergo mitosis? | Has no nucleus
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| What type of tissue is responsible for vasoconstriction and paristalsis? | Muscle Tissue
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| Which blood type is the universal donor? | Type O
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| As stroke and heart rate increases, what else is happening? | Blood pressure increases
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| The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies stimulate faster and deeper breathing in response to what? | Decreased blood oxygen levels
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| Two organ systems that work together to maintain acid-base homeostasis are | Respiratory and Urinary
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| The primary function form of transportation of carbon dioxide is _ | Bicarbonate ions
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| By what process does oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occur in alveoli? | Simple Diffusion
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| What type of tissue maintains the open airway in the lower respiratory system? | Hyaline Cartilage
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| Cell structures in pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue of trachea moves mucous and trapped particles with the help of _ | Cillia
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| The respiratory membrane where oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange occurs in the lung consists of what two types of cells? | Type 1 alveolar cells and Capillary endothelial cells
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| During external respiration, blood loses _ and gains _ and where does this take place? | Loses carbon dioxide, Gains oxygen, and occurs between air and blood in lung
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| During internal respiration, blood loses _ and gains _, and where does it occur? | loses oxygen, gains carbon dioxide,
and occurs between blood and tissue cells
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| The enzyme _ is important in gas transport by causing carbon dioxide to react with water in plasma to form _ _ and chloride shifts for transport of _ | Carbonate anhydrase, Carbonic acid, and Bicarbonate
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| Which two organ systems work together to provide protection against pathogens entering the body? | Integumentary and Lymphatic/immune
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| Functions of the Lymphatic/Immune system | 3
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| function 1 | Regulates excess interstitial fluid back to circulatory system
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| function 2 | Transports dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,& K)absorbed by the digestive system
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| function 3 | Carries out immune responses-cell mediated and antibody mediated immun responses
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| Where does lymph rejoin the blood and becomes part of plasma? | In the right and left subclavian veins
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| What is the largest single mass of lyphatic organ? | Spleen
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| Which organ is both endocrine and exocrine gland? | Pancreas
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| Chyme is made less acididc with the help of _ which secretes _ | Pancreas; bicarbonate
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| The most important accessory digestive organs for proper digestion of lipids are _ and _ | Liver and gallbladder
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| What is the function of microvilli | Increases surface area of small intestine for absorption
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| Primary function of the Large intestine | Absorption of water and electrolytes
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| Buffers prevent drastic changes in the ph of the body fluid by: | Converting strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases
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| Which organs are retroperitoneal? | Kidneys, Ureters, and adrenal Glands
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| Through the production of erythropoietin by the kidney the urinary system is interacting with which two other systems? | Skeletal and Circulatory (cardiovascular)
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| The majority of tubular reabsorption of dissolved ions and other substances occur where? | Proximal convoluted tubule
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| The process of glomerular filtration in the kidney is driven by _ _ | Hydrostatic pressure
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| Hormones that regulate the urinary system: | Angiotensin 2, Aldosterone, Antidiuretic hormone, Atrial Natriuretic peptide, and Parathyroid hormone
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| Kidneys eliminate acids as _ _ | Hydrogen ions
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| Loss of __ form the body through urine excretion regulates pH balance of the body | Bicarbonate ions
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| Sequence of nephron tubules | Glomerule capsule, proximal convuluted tubule, descending limb of the loop of Henle, Ascending limb of the loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct
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| The endocrine system works with the _ system to regulate all other body functions. | Nervous
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| In order to stimulate anterior pituitary hormones, the hypothalamus produces _ hormones? | Releasing
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| _ hormones influence target cells by turning on genes on DNA to produce specific proteins. Are they water soluble or lipid? | Steroid hormones, Lipid solubles
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| Do hormones use positive or negative feedback systems? | Negative feedback systems
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| Endocrine cells that make and secrete protein based hormones would have a great amount of what two organelles? | Golgi complex and Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
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| From follicular cells and parafollicular cells, the thyroid secretes _, _, and _ | T3, t4, and calcitonin
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| Male reproductive functions are regulated by hormones from what three places? | hypothalamus, Anterior pituitary glands, and interstitial cells of testes
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| Difference between spermatogenesis and oogenisis: Spermatogenesis results in _ cells, whereas oogenesis results in _ cell | 4, 1
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| If the testes fail to descend a males is infertile because sperm cell formation is prevented by _ | Relatively high internal body temperature
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| When egg cells are released from follicles in the ovaries, they are swept into the fallopian tube by _ and _ | fimbrae and cillia
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| In order to reach the egg, sperm cells must swim in sequence through: | Vagina, cervix, uterus, and fallopian tube
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| positive feedback | making blood clots
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| Gastrin secreted by G cells stimulates secretion of- | HCI denature protein
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