Nervous system
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| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells
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| afferent nerve | Carries messages TOWARD the brain and spinal cord(sensory nerve).
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| akinetic | without movement
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| analgesia | Condition of no sensation of pain
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| anencephaly | Condition of no brain (congenital anomaly)
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| anesthesia | condition of no nervous sensation
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| aphasia | without speach
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| apraxia | condition of inability to speak
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| arachnoid membrane | middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.
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| astrocyte | Type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries.
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| ataxia | No muscular coordination
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| autonomic nervous system | Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs
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| axon | Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
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| blood-brain barrier | Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out
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| bradykinesia | Slowness of movement
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| brainstem | Lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; including the pons and medulla oblongata
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| cauda equina | Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
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| causalgia | Burning sensation of bain (in the skin); ususally following injury to sensory fibers of a peripheral nerve
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| cell body | Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
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| central nervous system | Brain and spinal cord
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| cephalgia | Headache (head pain)
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| cerebellar | Pertaining to the cerebellum
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| cerebellopontine | pertaining to the cerebellum and the pons
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| cerebellum | Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance
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| cerebral cortex | Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
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| cerebrospinal fluid | Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
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| cerebrum | Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory
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| coma | profound unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused
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| comatose | in a state of coma
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| crainial nerves | Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve)
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| dendrite | Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to recieve the nervous impulse
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| dura mater | Thik, outermost layer of teh meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord. Latin for "hard mother"
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| dyslexia | Disorder of reading, writing, or learning
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| dyskinesia | Involuntary, spasmodic movement
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| efferent nerve | Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve
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| encephalitis | Inflamation of the brain
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| ependymal cell | Gliel cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid
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| epidural hematoma | Collection of blood above the dura mater
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| ganglion; (plural: ganglia) | Collection of nerve bodies in the periferal nervous system
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| glial cell | Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. Examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes.
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| glioblastoma | Tumor (malignant) of glial cells in the brain
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| gyrus; gyri | Sheet of nerve cells that producs a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution
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| hemiparesis | Slight paralysis is either the right or left half of the body
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| hemiplegia | Paralysis in half of the body
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| hypalgesia | Diminished sesation to pain
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| hyperesthesia | Excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli
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| hyperkinesis | Condition of excessive movement
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| hypothalamus | Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland
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| intrathecal injection | Placement of substances (medication) into the subarachnoid space
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| leptomeningeal | Pertaining tot eh pia mater and arachnoid membranes of the menenges
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| medulla oblongata | Part of teh brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here
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| meningeal | Pertaining to the meninges
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| meninges | Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
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| meningioma | Tumor of the meninges
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| microglial cell | Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system
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| motor nerve | Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve
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| myelin sheath | Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons
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| myelogram | Record (x-ray) of the spinal cord
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| myelomeningocele | Hernia of the spinal cord and meninges; associated with spinal bifida
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| myoneural | Pertaining to muscle and nerve
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| narcolepsy | Sudden, uncontrollable episodes of sleep (seizures of sleep)
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| nerve | Microscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses
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| neuralgia | Nerve pain
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| neurasthenia | Condition of lack of nerve strength; nervous exhaustion and weakness
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| neuroglia | Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses
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| neuron | Nerve cell that carries impulses throught the body
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| neuropathy | Disease of the nerve
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| neurotransmitter | Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
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| oligodendroglial cell | Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. Also called oligodenrocyte
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| paraplegia | Paralysis in the lower portion of the body
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| parasympathetic nerves | Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of teh gastrointestinal tract
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| parenchyma | Essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. The parenchyma of the nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and neurons. Parenchymal cells of the liver are hepatocytes, tissue of the kidney includes the nephrons, where urine is formed
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| paresis | partial paralysis or weakness of muscle
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| paresthesia | An abnormal sensation such as numbness, tingling, or pricking
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| periferal nervous system | Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves
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| pia mater | Thin, delicate inner membrane of teh menenges
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| plexus (plural: plexuses) | large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial plexus.
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| poliomyelitis | Inflamation of the gray matter of the spinal cord
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| polyneuritis | Inflamation of many nerves, causing paralysis, pain, and wasting of muscles
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| pons | Part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the restof the midbrain
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| quadriplegia | Paralysis of all four limbs of the body
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| radiculitis | Inflamation of nerve roots
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| radiculopathy | Disease of the spinal nerve root
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| receptor | Organ that recieves a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors
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| sciatic nerve | Nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg and foot
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| sensory nerve | Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve
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| spinal nerves | Thirty- one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
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| stimulus (plural: Stimuli) | Agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response
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| stroma | Connective and supporting tissue of an organ.
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| subderal hematoma | Collection of blood under the dura mater
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| sulcus; (plural; sulci) | depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure
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| sympathetic nerves | Autonmic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress
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| synapse | Space through which a nervous impuls travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells
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| syncopal | Pertaining to syncope
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| syncope | fainting
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| thalamic | Pertaining to the thalamus
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| thalamus | Main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebum; incoming sensory messages are relayed thru the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum
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| trigeminal neuralgia | flashes of pain radiating along the course of the trigeminal nerve
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| vagal | Pertaining to the vagus (10th crainial) nerve
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| vagus nerve | Tenth Cranial nerve; its branches reach the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach
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| ventricles of the brain | Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
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| Sciatica | pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve
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| encephalopathy | Any disease of the brain
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