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Chabner, Language of Medicine 7th ed Chapter 5 Pathology of the Digestive System

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symptom/pathological condition
Definition
Etiology
anorexia   lack of appetite   show
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show lack of appetite   caused by emotional problems such as anger,anxiety, & fear  
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ascites   show can be a symptom of neoplasm or inflammatory disorders in the abdomen, venous hypertension (high BP) caused by liver disease, and heart failure.  
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show rumbling or gurgling noise produced by movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract   A sign of hyperactive intestinal peristalsis, borborygmi are often present in cases of gastroenteritis & diarrhea  
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constipation   difficulty in passing stools (feces)   show
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diarrhea   show abrupt onset of diarrhea immediately after eating suggests acute infection or toxin in the GI tract. Untreated severe diarrhea may lead to dehydration.  
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show difficulty in swallowing   This sensation occures when a swallowed bolus fails to progress, either because of a physical obstruction or because a motor disorder in which esophageal peristalsis is not properly coordinated.  
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odynophagia   painful swallowing   show
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eructation   show eructation produces a characteristic sound and is also called belching  
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flatus   show flatulence is the presence of excessive gas in both the stomach and the intestines  
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hematochezia   passage of bright, fresh, red blood from the rectum   show
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show yellow-orange coloration of the skin & other tissues caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood   Jaundice can occur in 3 major ways: 1) excessive destruction of erythrocytes as in hemolysis 2) malfunction of liver cells because of liver disease 3) obstruction of bile flow prevents bilirubin in bile from being excreted into the duodenum.  
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show black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood   usually reflects a condition in which blood has had time to be digested and results from bleeding in the upper GI tract ( duodenal ulcer)  
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nausea   show Common causes are sea & motion sickness, and early pregnancy. May be symptomatic of a perforation of an abdominal organ, obstruction of a bile duct, stomach or intestine, or toxins.  
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show fat in the feces, foul-smelling fecal matter   improper digestion or absorption of fat can cause fat to remain in the intestine, this may occur with pancreatitis, also a symptom of intestinal disease that involves malabsorption of fat.  
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aphthous stomatitis   inflammation of the mouth with small painful ulcers   show
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dental caries   show results from the accumulation of foods, proteins from saliva & necrotic debris on the tooth enamel. Bacteria grow in the plaque, produces acid that dissolves the tooth enamel.  
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show inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus   marked by painful fluid-filled blisters on skin & mucous membranes called fever blisters or cold sores caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV1)  
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show white patches or plaques on the mucosa of the mouth   precancerous lesion can result from chronic tobacco use.  
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periodontal disease   show result of accumulation of dental plaque and dental calculus or tartar  
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show failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax   results from the loss of peristalsis so food cannot pass easily through the esophagus  
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show swollen, varicose veins in the distal portion of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach   liver disease can casue increased pressure in the veins near and around the liver, which leads to enlarged, tortuous esophageal veins with danger of hemorrhage.  
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show malignant tumor of the stomach   chronic gastritis associated with H. pylori infection is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma.  
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gastroesophaeal reflux disease (GERD)   show heartburn is the burning sensation caused by regurgitation of HCL from the stomach to the esophagus. Chronic exposure of esophageal mucosa leads to reflux esophagitis.  
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hernia   show A hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm. This condition can lead to GERD  
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show a small loop of bowel protrudes through a weak lower abdominal muscle.   Repair is called a herniorraphy  
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peptic ulcer   open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum   show
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anal fistula   show often results from an abscess (infection) and may or may not open into the rectum.  
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anal fissure   show n/a  
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indirect inguinal hernia   show n/a  
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show polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon   pedunculated (attached to the membrane by a stalk) and sessile (sitting directly on the mucous membrane)  
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colorectal cancer   show can arise from polyps in the colon or rectal region.  
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show chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract (terminal ileum & colon)   symptoms include diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, fever, anorexia,weakness, & weight loss. A form of inflammatory bowel disease.  
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show abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall   pouch like herniations through the muscular wall of the colon. Rectal bleeding is the primary symptom.  
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dysentery   painful, inflamed intestines   show
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hemorrhoids   swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region   show
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ileus   show mechanical obstruction of the bowel (adhesions, tumor, or stones) is a cause. Surgery; trauma, or bacterial injury to the peritoneum can lead to paralytic ileus.  
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intussusception   telescoping of the intestines   show
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irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)   group of GI symptoms associated with stress & tension   show
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ulcerative colitis   show idiopathic, chronic, recurrent diarrheal disease presents with rectal bleeding & pain.  
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show twisting of the intestine upon itself   causes intestinal obstruction. Severe pain, nausea & vomiting and absence of bowel sounds. Surgical correction is necessary to prevent necrosis of the affected segement of bowel.  
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cholelithiasis   gallstones in the gallbladder   show
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cirrhosis   chronic degenerative disease of the liver   show
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pancreatitis   show digestive enzymes attack pancreatic tissue and damage the gland.  
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show inflammation of the liver caused by a virus   Liver enzymes may be elevated, symptoms include malaise, anorexia, hepatomegaly, jaundice, and abdominal pain.  
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