Chabner, Language of Medicine 7th ed Chapter 5 Pathology of the Digestive System
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| anorexia | show | often a sign of malignancy or liver disease
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| anorexia nervosa | lack of appetite | show 🗑
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| show | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen | can be a symptom of neoplasm or inflammatory disorders in the abdomen, venous hypertension (high BP) caused by liver disease, and heart failure.
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| show | rumbling or gurgling noise produced by movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract | A sign of hyperactive intestinal peristalsis, borborygmi are often present in cases of gastroenteritis & diarrhea
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| show | difficulty in passing stools (feces) | when peristalsis is slow; stools are dry & hard. A diet of fruit, vegetables, & water is helpful. Laxatives & cathartics are medications to promote movement of stools.
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| diarrhea | show | abrupt onset of diarrhea immediately after eating suggests acute infection or toxin in the GI tract. Untreated severe diarrhea may lead to dehydration.
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| dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing | show 🗑
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| show | painful swallowing | painful swallowing
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| eructation | gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth | show 🗑
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| flatus | gas expelled through the anus | show 🗑
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| hematochezia | passage of bright, fresh, red blood from the rectum | show 🗑
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| jaundice | yellow-orange coloration of the skin & other tissues caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood | show 🗑
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| melena | show | usually reflects a condition in which blood has had time to be digested and results from bleeding in the upper GI tract ( duodenal ulcer)
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| nausea | show | Common causes are sea & motion sickness, and early pregnancy. May be symptomatic of a perforation of an abdominal organ, obstruction of a bile duct, stomach or intestine, or toxins.
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| steatorrhea | fat in the feces, foul-smelling fecal matter | show 🗑
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| aphthous stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth with small painful ulcers | show 🗑
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| dental caries | tooth decay | show 🗑
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| herpetic stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus | show 🗑
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| show | white patches or plaques on the mucosa of the mouth | precancerous lesion can result from chronic tobacco use.
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| periodontal disease | inflammation & degeneration of gums, teeth, & surrounding bone; also called pyorrhea | show 🗑
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| achalasia | show | results from the loss of peristalsis so food cannot pass easily through the esophagus
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| show | swollen, varicose veins in the distal portion of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach | liver disease can casue increased pressure in the veins near and around the liver, which leads to enlarged, tortuous esophageal veins with danger of hemorrhage.
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| gastric carcinoma | show | chronic gastritis associated with H. pylori infection is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma.
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| show | solids & fluids return to the mouth from the stomach | heartburn is the burning sensation caused by regurgitation of HCL from the stomach to the esophagus. Chronic exposure of esophageal mucosa leads to reflux esophagitis.
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| hernia | show | A hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm. This condition can lead to GERD
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| inguinal hernia | show | Repair is called a herniorraphy
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| peptic ulcer | show | A bacterium, Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is thought to be responsible for peptic ulcer disease.
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| anal fistula | show | often results from an abscess (infection) and may or may not open into the rectum.
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| anal fissure | painful narrow slit in the mucous membrane of the anus | show 🗑
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| indirect inguinal hernia | small intestine loops through the inguinal canal and descends into the scrotal sac | show 🗑
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| show | polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon | pedunculated (attached to the membrane by a stalk) and sessile (sitting directly on the mucous membrane)
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| show | adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both | can arise from polyps in the colon or rectal region.
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| show | chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract (terminal ileum & colon) | symptoms include diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, fever, anorexia,weakness, & weight loss. A form of inflammatory bowel disease.
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| diverticulosis | show | pouch like herniations through the muscular wall of the colon. Rectal bleeding is the primary symptom.
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| dysentery | painful, inflamed intestines | show 🗑
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| show | swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region | pregnancy and chronic constipation put pressure on anal veins, often causing hemorrhoids
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| ileus | failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines | show 🗑
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| intussusception | telescoping of the intestines | show 🗑
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| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | show | GI symptoms are diarrhea, constipation, bloating & lower abdominal pain. On exam, intestines appear normal, but symptoms persist.
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| show | chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers | idiopathic, chronic, recurrent diarrheal disease presents with rectal bleeding & pain.
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| volvulus | twisting of the intestine upon itself | show 🗑
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| cholelithiasis | gallstones in the gallbladder | show 🗑
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| show | chronic degenerative disease of the liver | cirrhosis is commonly the result of chronic alcoholism and often malnutrition, hepatitis, or other causes.
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| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas | show 🗑
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| viral hepatitis | show | Liver enzymes may be elevated, symptoms include malaise, anorexia, hepatomegaly, jaundice, and abdominal pain.
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