Gluteal region and posterior thigh
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| * * What are the muscles of the gluteal region? | Gluteus maximus, gluteus medias, gluteus minimus,
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| * * What is the innervation and action of the gluteus maximus? | Inferior gluteal nerve; extends and laterally rotates the femur, helps maintain kneejoint in extension
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| * * What is the innervation and action of the gluteus medius? | Superior gluteal nerve; abducts and medially rotates the thigh
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| * * What is the innervation and action of the gluteus minimus? | superior gluteal nerve; abducts and medially rotates the thigh
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| What muscles carry out extension of the femur at the hip during normal gait? During exertion? | Hamstrings; glutteus maximus
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| When is the gluteus maximus DEFINITIVELY needed? | Rapid + powerful extensions: climbing, going up stairs, getting up from a squatting position
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| * What causes Trendelburg gait (muscle, nerve)? How will this show up? | Paralysis of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus (e.g. from superior gluteal nerve paralysis). Patient will lean towards the side of the injury.
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| * * What are the chief abductors of the thigh? | Gluteus medius and minimus; equally important function is steadying pelvis while walking (e.g. raise foot off ground , contraction of the gluteal muscles of the opposite side)
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| * * What is the innervation and action of the tensor fasciae latae? | Superior gluteal nerve; flexes and adducts the thigh (helps keep knee extended too via insertions into iliotibial tract)
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| * * What is the innervation and action of the piriformis? | N: nerve to the piriformis; laterally rotates the thigh
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| * * What is the innervation and action of the obturator internus? | Nerve to the internus; laterally rotates the thigh
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| * * What is the innervation and action of the superior gemellus? | Nerve to the obturator internus; laterally rotates the thigh
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| * * What is the innervation and action of the inferior gemellus? | Nerve to the quadratus femoris; laterally rotates the thigh
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| * * What is the innervation and action of the quadratus femoris? | Nerve to the quadratus femoris; laterally rotates the thigh
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| What spinal nerves make up the sacral plexus? | Lumbosacral trunk (L4, L5); Ventral rami of S1-S4
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| What are the major branches of the sacral plexus? | Sciatic nerve (L4-S3), Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh, superior gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, nerve of the quadratus femoris, pudental nerve and nerve to obturator internus
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| * * Describe the sciatic nerve: source, branches | Emerges from pelvis through greater sciatic foramen * BELOW the piriformis muscle; two nerves: tibial nerve, common fibular nerve
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| * Describe the course of the sciatic nerve | Runs down successively on posterior surface of the superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus, and quadratus femoris to reach the adductor magnus
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| Occasionally, the common fibular portion leaves the sciatic nerve high in the pelvis and appears in the gluteal region by passing ___ or ____ the piriformis muscle. | Above; through
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| * Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh: where does it come out of? what does it supply? | passes out greater sciatic foramen below piriformis and passes downward just medial/posterior sciatic nerve; gives off inferior cluneal branches and perineal branches while still lying below glutteus maximus; SUPPLIES POSTERIOR THIGH
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| * Superior gluteal nerve: where does it come out of? what does it supply? | Exits greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis muscle and runs in the plane between the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus; supplies the gluteus medius and tensor fasciae latae muscles
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| * Inferior gluteal nerve: what does it supply? Where does it come from? | exits greater sciatic foramen below level of the piriformis; supplies gluteus maximus
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| * What does the nerve to the quadratus femoris supply? Where does it arise from? | Exits greater sciatic foramen below piriformis; supplies quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus
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| * Where do the pudental nerve and the nerve to the obturator internus arise from? | Exit pelvis through greater sciatic foramen below piriformis; hook around ischial spine or sacrospinous ligament with internal pudental vessels and pass through lesser sciatic forament to enter ischiorectal fossa of perineum
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| What does the pudental nerve supply? | The perineum
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| What does the nerve to the obturator supply? | obturator internus and superior gemellus
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| * * What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh? | Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, seminmembranosus, hamstring portion of the eadductor magnus
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| * What is the blood supply to the posterior compartment of the thigh? | Profunda femoris artery
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| * What is the nerve supply to the posterior compartment of the thigh? | Tibial division of the sciatic nerve
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| * What is the major action of the posterior thigh muscles? | Extension of the thigh and flexion of the leg
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| * * What is the nerve and action of the biceps femoris? | Long head: tibial nerve, Short head: common fibular nerve; extends thigh, flexes and laterally rotates the leg
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| * * What is the nerve and action of the semitendinosus? | Tibial nerve; extends thigh, flexes and medially rotates the leg
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| * * What is the nerve and action of the semimembranous muscle? | Tibial nerve; extends thigh, flexes and medially rotates the leg
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| The tendon of the semimembranosus gives off a heavy lateral expansion, which runs obliquely across the posterior surface of the knee joint | Oblique popliteal ligament
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| * * * What muscles are involved in hamstring injures? Ligaments? | Common in sports; involve tearing of the PROXIMAL TENDINOUS ATTACHAMENTS OF THE ISCHEAL TUBEROSITY; tearing of tendinous fibers is very painful
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| * Describe the pes anserinus tendons | Inverted tripod configuration composed of the sartorius (gemoral n.), gracilus (obturator n.), and semitendinous (tibial n.) tendons; they work to flex knee joint and provide additional support to knee joing
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| * * Describe the popliteal fossa (boundaries) | Superolateral: biceps femoris, superomedial: semimebranosus and semitendinosus; inferomedial and inferolateral: gastrocemius muscle bellies
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| * What are the contents of the popliteal fossa (superficial to deep) | Superficial: fat, small saphenous vein, three cutaneous nerves; Deep: Popliteal artery and vein, tibial and common peroneal nerves, and popliteal lymph nodes
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| * * What are the contents of the popliteal fossa medial to lateral and deep to superficial? | Popliteal artery, vein, and tibial nerve
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| The ____ artery is a continuation of the femoral artery after passing through the ____ hiatus. |
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| What are the terminal branches of the popliteal artery? Where do they branch off? | Branch off at lower border of popliteus muscle, dividing into ANTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY and POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY
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| Within the fossa, the popliteal artery gives off ___ branches supplying the knee joint and related structures | genicular
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| What vein does the popliteal vein receive? | The small saphenous vein
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