Joints of the Upper Limb
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| Describe the sternoclavicular join | Saddle type joint; only joint between upper limb and axial skeleton; clavicle holds up upper limb away from chest
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| * * What are the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint? | Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments; COSTOCLAVICULAR LIGAMENT (main support of joint)
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| Where is the acromioclavicular joint? | It is the joint between the acromion process of the scapula and the acromial extremity of the clavicle
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| What is the coracoclavicular ligament? | MAIN SUPPORT OF THE JOINT; coracoid process of scapula to the undersurface of the clavicle; largely responsible for suspending the weight of the scapula and upper limb from clavicle
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| What is the acromioclavicular dislocation? What causes it? | Should dislocation. Minor injury that breaks the FIBROUS CAPSULE of the joint; Acromion process thrust beneath the lateral end of the clavicle and clavicle is elevated; should falls away from clavicle because of weight of the upper limb
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| What is the articulation of the shoulder joint? | Glenohumeral joint: head of humerus in glenoid cavity of the scapula
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| What is the glenoid labrum? | rim of fribocartilage surrounding the glenoid cavity
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| Where is the articular surface of the glenohumeral joint weakest? | Inferiorly
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| What is the glenohumeral ligaments (superior, middle, and inferior)? To what part of the shoulder joint do they provide additional support? | Anterior thickenings of the capsule to strengthen the capsule ANTERIORLY
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| * * What muuscle tendon provides support to the shoulder superiorly, posteriorly, anteriorly, and inferiorly? | Superior: Supraspinatus; Posterior: Infraspinatous and teres minor tendons; Anterior: Subscapularis tendon; Inferior: NONE
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| What structure prevents superior displacement of the head of the humerus? | The coracoacromial arch
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| * * What muscles are responsible for flexion of the shoulder joint? | Anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis
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| * * What muscles are responsible for extension of the shoulder joint? | Posterior deltoid, latissiumus dorsi, teres major
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| * * What muscles are responsible for abduction of the shoulder joint? | supraspinatus and middle deltoid
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| * * What muscles are responsible for adduction of the shoulder joint? | pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major AND teres minor
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| * * What are the muscles responsible for lateral rotation of the shoulder joint? | infraspinatus, teres minor, posterior deltoid
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| * * What muscles are responsible for medial of the shoulder joint? | Subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major, anterior dltoid, pectoralis major
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| * * What muscles are responsible for circumduction of the shoulder joint? | Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotatio, and medial rotation
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| * * Describe how one could get an anterior-inferior dislocation of the rotator cuff; what can get hurt here? | Sudden violence applied to humerus when joint is fully abducted-->inferior part of capsule tears and humeral head is displaced inferior to glenoid cavity; axillary nerve
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| * * Describe how one could get posterior dislocation of the rotator cuff; what can get hurt here? | Rare; caused by sudden direct violence to front of joint capsule; results in subglenoid displacement of the humeral head into quadrangular space; can hurt axillary nerve (paralysis of deltoid and loss of skin sensation over lower half of deltoid)
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| * * What are the two main disorders of the rotator cuff? What muscle is most typically involved? | impingement and tendinopathy; supraspinatus, as it passes BENEATH acromion and acromioclavicular ligament
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| Swelling of the supraspinatous muscle or excessive fluid within the subacromial/subdeltoid burse may cause significant ____ when the arm is abducted. | IMPINGEMENT
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| Recurrent inflammation of the subquadrangular space of the tendon causes degeneration which may result in calcium deposition and extreme paiN; this is known as... | SUPRASPINATUS TENDINOPATHY
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| What is a typical sign of supraspinatus inflammation/impingement? | Extreme pain during abduction; patients may also have inflammation in subacromial bursa, making pain worse
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| What two bones articulate at the elbow joint? | The trochlea (ulna) and the capitulum (head of radius); it is a synovial hinge joint
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| What bones articulate at the proximal radioulnar joint? | The head of the radius the radial notch of the ulna
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| What are the motions allowed by the proximal radioulnar joint? | Supination and pronation
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| What attaches the margins of the radial notch, forming a collar around the head of the radius? | The annular ligament; NOT directly attached to radius
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| * * How do you get a pulled elbow? What ligament is involved? | Sudden lifting of a young child by one arm when it is pronated, causing tearing of the annular ligament; radial head moves distally partially out of ANULAR ligament
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| What bones are involved in the distal radioulnar joint? What motions are allowed? | The head of ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius; supination and pronation
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| * * What is the articular disc? | Triangular shaped disc composed of fibrocartilage; chief support uniting the distal radius and ulna; SEPARATES THE ULNA FROM THE WRIST JOINT
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| What bones are involved int he wrist joint? | The distal radius and the articular disc: scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral; ellipsoid type of synovial joint
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| What prevents the wrist joint from abducting laterally? | Radial styloid process
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