Chabner, Language of Medicine 7th ed Chapter 5 Digestion System Terms
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| absorption | passage of materials through the walls of the intestine into the bloodstream
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| amino acids | building blocks of proteins & produced when proteins are digested
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| amylase | enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch
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| anus | opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
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| appendix | blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the RLQ). Literally means "hanging" (pend/o) "on" (ap-)
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| bile | digestive juice made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules.
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| bilirubin | pigment released by the liver in bile
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| bowel | intestine
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| canine teeth | pointed, dog-like teeth next to (distal to) the incisors
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| cecum | first part of the large intestine
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| colon | large intestine (cecum, ascending, transverse, & descending colon, and rectum)
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| common bile duct | carries bile from the liver & gallbladder to the duodenum
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| defecation | expulsion or passage of feces from the body through the anus
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| deglutition | swallowing
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| dentin | major tissue composing teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown, and a protective layer of cementum in the root
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| digestion | breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
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| duodenum | first part of the small intestine; duo=2, den=10; (the duodenum measures 12 inches long)
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| elimination | removal of waste material from the body
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| emulsification | physical process of breaking up large fat globules
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| enamel | hard, outermost layer of a tooth
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| enzyme | a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances
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| esophagus | tube connecting the throat to the stomach
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| fatty acids | substances produced when fats are digested
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| feces | solid wasts;stools
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| gallbladder | small sac under the liver; stores bile
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| glucose | simple sugar
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| glycogen | starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
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| hydrochloric acid | substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food
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| ileum | 3rd part of the small intestine
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| incisor | one of four front teeth in the dental arch
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| insulin | hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas; it transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
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| jejunum | 2nd part of the small intestine
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| lipase | pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
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| liver | a large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. The liver secretes bile; stores sugar,iron, and vitamins;produces blood proteins; and destroys worn out blood cells
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| lower esophagel sphincter (LES) | ring of muscles between the esophagus & the stomach. Also called cardiac sphincter
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| mastication | chewing
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| molar teeth | 6th, 7th, 8th teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch
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| palate | roof of the mouth. The hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate
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| pancreas | organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) & enzymes (for digestion of foods)
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| papillae | small elevations on the tongue. a papilla is a nipple-like elevation
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| parotid gland | salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
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| peristalsis | rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract & other tubular structures. Peristalsis moves the contents through the GI tract @ different rates
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| pharynx | throat,the common passageway for food from the mouth & air from the nose
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| portal vein | large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
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| protease | enzymes that digest protein
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| pulp | soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves & blood vessels
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| pyloric sphincter | ring of muscle fibers at the distal region of the stomach, where it joins the duodenum.
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| rectum | last section of the colon
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| rugae | ridges on the hard palate & the wall of the stomach
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| saliva | digestive juice produced by salivary blands
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| salivary glands | parotid, sublingual, & submandibular glands
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| sigmoid colon | lower part of the colon; shaped like an S
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| sphincter | ring of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
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| stomach | muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. The stomach's parts of the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), & antrum (distal section)
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| triglycerides | large fat molecules composed of 3 parts fatty acid & one part glycerol
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| uvula | soft tissue hanging from the soft palate into the mouth
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| villi | microscopic projections in the walls of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
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| anastomosis | surgical connection between 2 parts such as vessels, ducts, or bowel segments
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| mesentery | part of the double fold or peritoneum that stretches around the organs in the abdomen, the mesentery holds the organs in place
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| parenteral | an intravenous line that brings nutrition directly into the bloodstream bypassing the intestinal tract
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