Autonomics of the Head and Neck
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| The cranial portion of the parasympathetic nervous system leaves the brainstem on which cranial nerves? | CN III, VII, IX, and X
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| Which cranial nerves carry the parasympathetics for the head? For the body? | CN III, VII, IX; rest is CN X
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| What are the four pair of parasympathetic ganglia in the head? | ciliary, otic, pterygopalatine, submandibular
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| Which CN supplies the preganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion? | Only CN III
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| Which CN supplies the preganglionic fibers to the otic ganglion? | CN IX
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| Which CN supplies the preganglionic fibers to the submandibular ganglion? | CN VII
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| Which CN supplies the preganglionic fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion? | CN VII
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| The ___ ganglion is a small ganglion located towards the back of the orbit on the lateral side of the optic nerve. | Ciliary
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| How many roots does the ciliary ganglion have? What are they? Where do they get their fibers? | Three; sensory root (nasocilliary n.), sympathetic root (internal carotid plexus), and the parasympathetic root (CN III)
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| How do the postganglionic parasympathetics leave the ciliary ganglion? | Via the short cilliary nerves (along with the sensory fibers from the trigeminal nerve and sympathetic fibers from internal carotid plexus)
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| The ___ ganglion lies in the ____ fossa where it is suspended from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve by two communicating fibers. | Pterygopalatine
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| Where does th pterygopalatine ganglion get its parasympathetic fibers from? | From the nerve of the pterygoid canal (which is in itself a combination of the preganglionic parasympathetic and taste fibers from the greater petrosal nerve of CN VII and postgang sympas from deep petrosal nerve)
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| The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion join what nerves? | The greater and lesser palatine nerves, posterior nasal branches, nasopalatine nerve, pharyngeal nerve, zygomatic nerve
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| The branches leaving the pterygopalatine ganglion also have sensory fibers from the ___ nerve, postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the ___ ___ nerve. | trigeminal nerve; deep petrosal nerve
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| The greater and lesser palatine branches also contain taste branches from the ___ ___ nerve. | Greater petrosal (CN VII)
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| The submandibular ganglion lies ___ to the mandible suspended from the ___ nerve and close to the upper border of the ____ gland. | medial; lingual; submandibular
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| What fibers does the submandibular ganglion get from the lingual nerve? | Preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
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| The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the submandibular ganglion reach the lingual nerve of the trigeminal through the ____ ____ which contains preganglionic parasympathetic and taste fibers | Chorda tympani
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| Describe the pathway of the chorda tympani | Leaves facial nerve IN THE PETROUS PART of the temporal bone; traverses middle ear cavity; leaves skull through petrotympanic fissure
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| Some of the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the submandibular ganglion proceed to the ____ gland; the remainder join the lingual nerve and proceed forward to the ___ and ____ ____ glands. | submandibular; sublingual and lingual salivary
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| Where does the otic ganglion lie? | On the medial side of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, just outside the foramen ovale and deep in the infratemporal fossa
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| Where does the otic ganglion get its preganglionic parasympathetics? | From the lesser petrossal nerve
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| What cranial nerve does the lesser petrosal nerve arise from? The greater petrosal nerve? The deep petrosal nerve? | glossopharyngeal (CN IX); facial nerve (CNVII); carotid plexus
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| Describe the path of the parasympathetics carried in the lesser petrosal nerve | CN IX (pregang)-->tympanic plexus-->lesser petrosal nerve-->otic ganglion-->V3 (auricotemporal n.)-->parotid gland
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| List the spaces and openings that the lesser petrosal nerve passes through | middle ear cavity-->(hiatus of the lesser petrosal nerve)-->middle cranial fossa-->(foramen ovale)-->infratemporal fossa
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| * * Where do all of the sympathetic fibers to the head derive from? | superior cervical ganglion
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| Where are the preganglionic sympathetic neurons located? | In the lateral gray horns of the upper thoracic segments of the spinal cords
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| How do the postganglionic sympathetics leave the superior cervical ganglion? | Via the external and internal carotid arteries (external and internal carotid nerves)
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| What is the external carotid plexus | One/several nerves run down from superior cervical ganglion to the base of the external carotid artery, forming a plexus along its walls
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| What is the common carotid plexus? | Similar to the external carotid plexus, it is composed of the posganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers from the superior servical ganglion; they reach the common carotid plexus
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| What is the largest branch of the superior cervical ganglion? Where does it go? What plexus does it form once it enters it? | The internal carotid nerve; to the head; forms the internal carotid plexus
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| While it is close to the middle ear cavity, the internal carotid plexus gives off twigs that join the ___ ___ on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity | tympanic plexus
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| What two groups of sympathetic fibers leave the tympanic plexus during the course of the internal carotid artery through the cavernous sinus? | Sympathetic root to the Cilliary ganglion; deep petrosal nerve
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| Where do the sympathetic root fibers of the ciliary ganglion end up? | The pass through the ganglion without synapsis, pass through short ciliary nerves, and are distributed to the DILATOR PUPIL and VASCULATURE OF THE EYE
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| Where do the deep petrosal nerve sympathetic fibers end up? | Deep petrosal nerve joins greater petrosal nerve-->NERVE OF THE PTERYGOID CANAL; postgangsympas pass THROUGH pterygopalatine ganglion and distribute through ALL branches of the maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
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| What does stimulation of the sympathetic fibers cause in the following structures? Pupil, eyelid, blood vessels, skin | Dilation (mydriasis); elevation of eyelid; vasoconstriction; sweating
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| What is Horner's syndrome (symptoms)? What causes it? | ptosis, myosis, anhydrosis, vasodilation (redness), enophthalamus, decreased heart rate; interruption of the sympathetic pathway anywhere along its course to the head and neck
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| Why can heart rate slow down in Horner's syndrome? | Sympathetic cardiac branches are derived from the cervical sympathetic ganglia
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| Study p. 249-251 | Study p. 249-251 for review
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