Anat and phys Marieb chap 24 nutrition
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| A ________ is a substance in food that promotes normal growth, maintenance, and repair | Nutrient
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| Name 5 nutrients | carbohydrates lipids proteins vitamins minerals
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| Essential fatty acids _____ and ____ are found in most vegetable oils | Linoleic and linolenic acid
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| ____ are the major fuel of hepatocytes and skeletal muscle | lipids
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| ______ help with smooth muscle contraction, control of blood pressure and inflammation | prostaglandins
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| ________ stabilizes membranes and is a precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones | cholesterol
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| All-or-none rule | All amino acids needed must be present for protein synthesis to occur
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| ______ will be used as fuel if there is insufficient carbohydrate or fat available | Protein
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| _________ is a state where the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of breakdown and loss | Nitrogen balance
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| Nitrogen balance is ______ if synthesis exceeds breakdown | positive
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| Most vitamins function as _______ | coenzymes
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| Three vitamins that are synthesized in the body | D B K
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| Two water soluble vitamins | C B
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| Four fat soluble vitamins | A D E K
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| Vitamins _ _ _ are antioxidants | A C E
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| Name the seven minerals required in moderate amounts | Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium
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| ______, ______ and __________ salts harden bone | calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
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| _____ is essential for oxygen binding to hemoglobin | Iron
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| _________ is necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis | Iodine
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| _______ and ______ are major electrolytes in the blood | Sodium and chloride
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| ________ is synthesis of large molecules from small ones | Anabolism
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| _________ is hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones | Catabolism
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| In ______________ food fuels are broken down in cells and some of the energy released is captured to form ATP | cellular respiration
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| _____ is the shifting of phosphate groups to other molecules | phosphrylation
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| Three stages of processing nutrients | Digestion, absorption and transportation to tissues, cellular processing, oxidative breakdown of intermediates into CO2 , water, and ATP
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| ________ is the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen | Oxidation
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| _________ substances lose electrons and energy | Oxidized
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| ________ substances gain electrons and energy | Reduced
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| ________ act as hydrogen (or electron) acceptors | Coenzymes
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| Two types of coenzymes in Redox reactions | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
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| Name two mechanisms of ATP synthesis | Substrate-level phosphorylation, Oxidative phosphorylation
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| In _________ high-energy phosphate groups directly transferred from phosphorylated substrates to ADP | Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
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| Substrate-Level Phosphorylation occurs in _____ and ______ | glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
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| ________ occurs in the mitochondria | Oxidative Phosphorylation
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| Oxidative Phosphorylatation is carried out by _______ proteins | electron transport
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| __________ is used to create H+ gradient across mitochondrial membrane | Nutrient energy
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| Name three ways glucose is catabolized | Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
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| Oxidation of glucose releases ____ ATP | 36
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| ____ is a ten step pathway and is ______ and occurs in the _____ | 10, anaerobic, cytosol
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| Glucose creates 2 _______ | pyruvic acid molecules
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| Name the three major phases of glycolysis | sugar activation, sugar cleavage, sugar oxidation and ATP formation
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| Final products of glycolysis are | 2 pyruvic acid 2 NADH + H+ (reduced NAD+) Net gain of 2 ATP
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| Krebs Cycle occurs in ________ | mitochondrial matrix
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| The ________ is fueled by pyruvic acid and fatty acids | Krebs Cycle
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| Each ______ is converted to acetyl CoA | pyruvic acid
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| Coenzyme A shuttles ______ to an enzyme of the Krebs cycle | acetic acid
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| Each acetic acid is decarboxylated and oxidized, generating ____ | 3 NADH + H+, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2, 1 ATP
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| _____and ____ are part of metabolism that directly uses oxygen | Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
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| In Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation hydrogen atoms are split into _________ | H+ and electrons
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| In Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation H+ diffuses back to the matrix via _____ | ATP synthase
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| ________ uses released energy to make ATP | ATP synthase
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| In ______________ electrons are delivered to O, forming O– and O– attracts H+ to form H2O | Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
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| ________ works like an ion pump in reverse | ATP synthase
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| __________ is when glycogen is formed when glucose supplies exceed need for ATP synthesis | Glycogenesis
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| ___________ is when glycogen breakdowns in response to low blood glucose | Glycogenolysis
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| Gluconeogenesis forms glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules and occurs mainly in the _____ | liver
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| In lipid metabolism only ________ are routinely oxidized for energy | triglycerides
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| Triglyceride synthesis occurs when cellular ____ and ____ levels are high | atp, glucose
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| ______ is necessary for complete oxidation of fat | Oxaloacetic acid
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| ___________ couple the movement of substances across membranes to chemical reactions | chemiosmotic processes
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| _____ is reactions that together complete the oxidation of glucose, yielding C)2, H2O and ATP | cellular respiration
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| ____ is the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid | glycolysis
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| ____ is the polymerization of glucose to form glycogen | glycogenesis
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| _______ is the hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose monomers | glycogenolysis
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| ____ is the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors | gluconeogenesis
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| ________ is the energy yielding reactions that split H removed during oxidations to H+ and e- and create a proton gradient used to bond ADP to Pi forming ATP | electron transport chain
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| ____ is the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl CoA | beta oxidation
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| _____ is the breakdown of lipids to fatty acids and glycerol | lipolysis
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| _______ is the formation of lipids from acetyl CoA and glyceraldehyde phosphate | lipogenesis
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| ______ is the transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to an alpha-ketoglutaric acid, thereby transforming alpha-ketoglutaric acid into glutamic acid | transamination
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| _________ is the removal of an amine group from glutamic acid as ammonia and regeneration of alpha-ketoglutaric acid | oxidative deamination
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| Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to create fuel T/F | T
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| ______ can be used to supply energy only after being converted into a carbohydrate intermediate | amino acids
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| When dietary protein is in excess, amino acids are ______ | Oxidized for energy , Converted into fat for storage
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| Protein synthesis is ______ controlled | hormonally
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| Name the three interconvertible nutrient pools | amino acids, carbohydrates, fats
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| The amino acid pool is the body’s ____ supply of free amino acids | total
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| The amino acid pool is used to _______ and for ________ | resynthesizing body proteins and gluconeogenesis
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| Carbohydrate and fat pools are easily interconverted through ______ | key intermediates
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| During the _______ absorption of nutrients is occurring | absorptive state
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| During the _______ energy sources are supplied by breakdown of reserves | postabsorptive state
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| During the absorptive state _____ exceeds ______ | anabolism, catabolism
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| _____ are used by adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal and cardiac muscle as a primary energy source | Triglycerides
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| During the absorptive state most _______ are used in protein synthesis | amino acids
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| _______ enhances glucose oxidation and glycogen and triglyceride formation | insulin
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| During the postabsorptive state _____ of fat, glycogen, and proteins exceeds ______ | catabolism, anabolism
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| _________in the liver, ______ in skeletal muscle, _______ in adipose tissues and the liver, and ______ of cellular protein are sources of blood glucose | Glycogenolysis, Glycogenolysis, Lipolysis, catabolism
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| During the postabsorptive state glucagon release is stimulated by ______ and _____ | declining blood glucose and rising amino acid levels
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| ______ process nearly every class of nutrient | hepatocytes
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| Name 4 types of lipoproteins | HDL LDL VLDL Chylomicrons
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| ______ Transport triglycerides to peripheral tissues (mostly adipose) | VLDLs
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| _______ Transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues for membranes, storage, or hormone synthesis | LDLs
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| _______ Transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver to be broken down and secreted into bile | HDLs
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| High levels of ______ are thought to protect against heart attack | HDL
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| High levels of _____ increase the risk of heart attack | LDL
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| _______ trans fats increase LDLs and reduce HDLs | trans fats
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| Unsaturated __________ (found in cold-water fish) lower the proportions of saturated fats and cholesterol, have antiarrhythmic effects on the heart, help prevent spontaneous clotting and lower blood pressure | omega-3 fatty acids
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| _____ energy cannot be used to do work | heat
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| The two sets of hypothalamic neurons are | LHA and VMN
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| _____ neurons promote hunger when stimulated by neuropeptides (e.g., NPY) | LHA
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| ______ neurons cause satiety through release of CRH when stimulated by appetite-suppressing peptides (e.g., POMC and CART peptides) | VMN
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| Short term regulation of food intake is handled by _____, _____ and ________ | neural signals nutrient signals, hormone signals
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| Examples of neural signals in short term regulation of food intake are _____ | high protein and distention
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| Examples of nutrient signals in short term regulation of food intake are ______ | blood glucose, amino acids, fatty acids
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| Examples of hormone signals in short term regulation of food intake are ______ | gut hormones (cck and insulin), glucagon and epinephrine, Ghr
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| The primary long term regulation of food intake is controlled by ________ | leptin
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| Leptin is a _______ secreted by fat cells indicating total energy stores in fat tissue | hormone
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| Leptin acts on the ARC neurons in the _____________ | hypothalamus
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| Leptin suppresses ____ and stimulates ______ | NPY (appetite stimulant), CART peptides (appetite suppressants)
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| _____ is the total heat produced by chemical reactions and mechanical work of the body | metabolic rate
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| _____ Reflects the energy the body needs to perform its most essential activities | basal metabolic rate BMR
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| ______ Rate of kilocalorie consumption to fuel all ongoing activities | total metabolic rate TMR
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| _______ reflects the balance between heat production and heat loss | Body temperature
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| ______ temperature denatures proteins and depresses neurons | Increased
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| ________ temperature remains relatively constant, while ______ temperature fluctuates substantially | core, shell
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| Name the four mechanisms of heat exchange | radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
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| _______ is the loss of heat in the form of infrared rays | Radiation
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| ______ is the transfer of heat by direct contact | Conduction
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| ______ is the transfer of heat to the surrounding air | Convection
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| ______ is the heat loss due to the evaporation of water from body surfaces | Evaporation
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| Name the two thermoregulatory centers of the hypothalamus | heat loss center, heat promoting center
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| Name the four involuntary heat promoting mechanisms | Constriction of cutaneous blood vessels, Shivering, Increased metabolic rate via epinephrine and norepinephrine, Enhanced thyroxine release
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| ______ is when elevated body temperature depresses the hypothalamus, Positive-feedback mechanism (heat stroke) begins at core temperature of 41C, and can be fatal if not corrected | Hyperthermia
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| ________ is when heat-associated collapse after vigorous exercise, due to dehydration and low blood pressure, heat-loss mechanisms are still functional and may progress to heat stroke, | Heat exhaustion
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| ________ is when body temperature and vital signs decrease and shivering stops at core temperature of 30 - 32C which can progress to coma a death by cardiac arrest at ~ 21C | Hypothermia
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| _____ is controlled hyperthermia due to infection (also cancer, allergies, or CNS injuries). Macrophages release interleukins (“pyrogens”) that cause the release of prostaglandins from the hypothalamus | fever
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