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ap marieb ch24
Anat and phys Marieb chap 24 nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A ________ is a substance in food that promotes normal growth, maintenance, and repair | Nutrient |
| Name 5 nutrients | carbohydrates lipids proteins vitamins minerals |
| Essential fatty acids _____ and ____ are found in most vegetable oils | Linoleic and linolenic acid |
| ____ are the major fuel of hepatocytes and skeletal muscle | lipids |
| ______ help with smooth muscle contraction, control of blood pressure and inflammation | prostaglandins |
| ________ stabilizes membranes and is a precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones | cholesterol |
| All-or-none rule | All amino acids needed must be present for protein synthesis to occur |
| ______ will be used as fuel if there is insufficient carbohydrate or fat available | Protein |
| _________ is a state where the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of breakdown and loss | Nitrogen balance |
| Nitrogen balance is ______ if synthesis exceeds breakdown | positive |
| Most vitamins function as _______ | coenzymes |
| Three vitamins that are synthesized in the body | D B K |
| Two water soluble vitamins | C B |
| Four fat soluble vitamins | A D E K |
| Vitamins _ _ _ are antioxidants | A C E |
| Name the seven minerals required in moderate amounts | Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium |
| ______, ______ and __________ salts harden bone | calcium, phosphorus, magnesium |
| _____ is essential for oxygen binding to hemoglobin | Iron |
| _________ is necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis | Iodine |
| _______ and ______ are major electrolytes in the blood | Sodium and chloride |
| ________ is synthesis of large molecules from small ones | Anabolism |
| _________ is hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones | Catabolism |
| In ______________ food fuels are broken down in cells and some of the energy released is captured to form ATP | cellular respiration |
| _____ is the shifting of phosphate groups to other molecules | phosphrylation |
| Three stages of processing nutrients | Digestion, absorption and transportation to tissues, cellular processing, oxidative breakdown of intermediates into CO2 , water, and ATP |
| ________ is the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen | Oxidation |
| _________ substances lose electrons and energy | Oxidized |
| ________ substances gain electrons and energy | Reduced |
| ________ act as hydrogen (or electron) acceptors | Coenzymes |
| Two types of coenzymes in Redox reactions | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) |
| Name two mechanisms of ATP synthesis | Substrate-level phosphorylation, Oxidative phosphorylation |
| In _________ high-energy phosphate groups directly transferred from phosphorylated substrates to ADP | Substrate-Level Phosphorylation |
| Substrate-Level Phosphorylation occurs in _____ and ______ | glycolysis and the Krebs cycle |
| ________ occurs in the mitochondria | Oxidative Phosphorylation |
| Oxidative Phosphorylatation is carried out by _______ proteins | electron transport |
| __________ is used to create H+ gradient across mitochondrial membrane | Nutrient energy |
| Name three ways glucose is catabolized | Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation |
| Oxidation of glucose releases ____ ATP | 36 |
| ____ is a ten step pathway and is ______ and occurs in the _____ | 10, anaerobic, cytosol |
| Glucose creates 2 _______ | pyruvic acid molecules |
| Name the three major phases of glycolysis | sugar activation, sugar cleavage, sugar oxidation and ATP formation |
| Final products of glycolysis are | 2 pyruvic acid 2 NADH + H+ (reduced NAD+) Net gain of 2 ATP |
| Krebs Cycle occurs in ________ | mitochondrial matrix |
| The ________ is fueled by pyruvic acid and fatty acids | Krebs Cycle |
| Each ______ is converted to acetyl CoA | pyruvic acid |
| Coenzyme A shuttles ______ to an enzyme of the Krebs cycle | acetic acid |
| Each acetic acid is decarboxylated and oxidized, generating ____ | 3 NADH + H+, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2, 1 ATP |
| _____and ____ are part of metabolism that directly uses oxygen | Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation |
| In Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation hydrogen atoms are split into _________ | H+ and electrons |
| In Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation H+ diffuses back to the matrix via _____ | ATP synthase |
| ________ uses released energy to make ATP | ATP synthase |
| In ______________ electrons are delivered to O, forming O– and O– attracts H+ to form H2O | Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation |
| ________ works like an ion pump in reverse | ATP synthase |
| __________ is when glycogen is formed when glucose supplies exceed need for ATP synthesis | Glycogenesis |
| ___________ is when glycogen breakdowns in response to low blood glucose | Glycogenolysis |
| Gluconeogenesis forms glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules and occurs mainly in the _____ | liver |
| In lipid metabolism only ________ are routinely oxidized for energy | triglycerides |
| Triglyceride synthesis occurs when cellular ____ and ____ levels are high | atp, glucose |
| ______ is necessary for complete oxidation of fat | Oxaloacetic acid |
| ___________ couple the movement of substances across membranes to chemical reactions | chemiosmotic processes |
| _____ is reactions that together complete the oxidation of glucose, yielding C)2, H2O and ATP | cellular respiration |
| ____ is the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid | glycolysis |
| ____ is the polymerization of glucose to form glycogen | glycogenesis |
| _______ is the hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose monomers | glycogenolysis |
| ____ is the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors | gluconeogenesis |
| ________ is the energy yielding reactions that split H removed during oxidations to H+ and e- and create a proton gradient used to bond ADP to Pi forming ATP | electron transport chain |
| ____ is the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl CoA | beta oxidation |
| _____ is the breakdown of lipids to fatty acids and glycerol | lipolysis |
| _______ is the formation of lipids from acetyl CoA and glyceraldehyde phosphate | lipogenesis |
| ______ is the transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to an alpha-ketoglutaric acid, thereby transforming alpha-ketoglutaric acid into glutamic acid | transamination |
| _________ is the removal of an amine group from glutamic acid as ammonia and regeneration of alpha-ketoglutaric acid | oxidative deamination |
| Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to create fuel T/F | T |
| ______ can be used to supply energy only after being converted into a carbohydrate intermediate | amino acids |
| When dietary protein is in excess, amino acids are ______ | Oxidized for energy , Converted into fat for storage |
| Protein synthesis is ______ controlled | hormonally |
| Name the three interconvertible nutrient pools | amino acids, carbohydrates, fats |
| The amino acid pool is the body’s ____ supply of free amino acids | total |
| The amino acid pool is used to _______ and for ________ | resynthesizing body proteins and gluconeogenesis |
| Carbohydrate and fat pools are easily interconverted through ______ | key intermediates |
| During the _______ absorption of nutrients is occurring | absorptive state |
| During the _______ energy sources are supplied by breakdown of reserves | postabsorptive state |
| During the absorptive state _____ exceeds ______ | anabolism, catabolism |
| _____ are used by adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal and cardiac muscle as a primary energy source | Triglycerides |
| During the absorptive state most _______ are used in protein synthesis | amino acids |
| _______ enhances glucose oxidation and glycogen and triglyceride formation | insulin |
| During the postabsorptive state _____ of fat, glycogen, and proteins exceeds ______ | catabolism, anabolism |
| _________in the liver, ______ in skeletal muscle, _______ in adipose tissues and the liver, and ______ of cellular protein are sources of blood glucose | Glycogenolysis, Glycogenolysis, Lipolysis, catabolism |
| During the postabsorptive state glucagon release is stimulated by ______ and _____ | declining blood glucose and rising amino acid levels |
| ______ process nearly every class of nutrient | hepatocytes |
| Name 4 types of lipoproteins | HDL LDL VLDL Chylomicrons |
| ______ Transport triglycerides to peripheral tissues (mostly adipose) | VLDLs |
| _______ Transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues for membranes, storage, or hormone synthesis | LDLs |
| _______ Transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver to be broken down and secreted into bile | HDLs |
| High levels of ______ are thought to protect against heart attack | HDL |
| High levels of _____ increase the risk of heart attack | LDL |
| _______ trans fats increase LDLs and reduce HDLs | trans fats |
| Unsaturated __________ (found in cold-water fish) lower the proportions of saturated fats and cholesterol, have antiarrhythmic effects on the heart, help prevent spontaneous clotting and lower blood pressure | omega-3 fatty acids |
| _____ energy cannot be used to do work | heat |
| The two sets of hypothalamic neurons are | LHA and VMN |
| _____ neurons promote hunger when stimulated by neuropeptides (e.g., NPY) | LHA |
| ______ neurons cause satiety through release of CRH when stimulated by appetite-suppressing peptides (e.g., POMC and CART peptides) | VMN |
| Short term regulation of food intake is handled by _____, _____ and ________ | neural signals nutrient signals, hormone signals |
| Examples of neural signals in short term regulation of food intake are _____ | high protein and distention |
| Examples of nutrient signals in short term regulation of food intake are ______ | blood glucose, amino acids, fatty acids |
| Examples of hormone signals in short term regulation of food intake are ______ | gut hormones (cck and insulin), glucagon and epinephrine, Ghr |
| The primary long term regulation of food intake is controlled by ________ | leptin |
| Leptin is a _______ secreted by fat cells indicating total energy stores in fat tissue | hormone |
| Leptin acts on the ARC neurons in the _____________ | hypothalamus |
| Leptin suppresses ____ and stimulates ______ | NPY (appetite stimulant), CART peptides (appetite suppressants) |
| _____ is the total heat produced by chemical reactions and mechanical work of the body | metabolic rate |
| _____ Reflects the energy the body needs to perform its most essential activities | basal metabolic rate BMR |
| ______ Rate of kilocalorie consumption to fuel all ongoing activities | total metabolic rate TMR |
| _______ reflects the balance between heat production and heat loss | Body temperature |
| ______ temperature denatures proteins and depresses neurons | Increased |
| ________ temperature remains relatively constant, while ______ temperature fluctuates substantially | core, shell |
| Name the four mechanisms of heat exchange | radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation |
| _______ is the loss of heat in the form of infrared rays | Radiation |
| ______ is the transfer of heat by direct contact | Conduction |
| ______ is the transfer of heat to the surrounding air | Convection |
| ______ is the heat loss due to the evaporation of water from body surfaces | Evaporation |
| Name the two thermoregulatory centers of the hypothalamus | heat loss center, heat promoting center |
| Name the four involuntary heat promoting mechanisms | Constriction of cutaneous blood vessels, Shivering, Increased metabolic rate via epinephrine and norepinephrine, Enhanced thyroxine release |
| ______ is when elevated body temperature depresses the hypothalamus, Positive-feedback mechanism (heat stroke) begins at core temperature of 41C, and can be fatal if not corrected | Hyperthermia |
| ________ is when heat-associated collapse after vigorous exercise, due to dehydration and low blood pressure, heat-loss mechanisms are still functional and may progress to heat stroke, | Heat exhaustion |
| ________ is when body temperature and vital signs decrease and shivering stops at core temperature of 30 - 32C which can progress to coma a death by cardiac arrest at ~ 21C | Hypothermia |
| _____ is controlled hyperthermia due to infection (also cancer, allergies, or CNS injuries). Macrophages release interleukins (“pyrogens”) that cause the release of prostaglandins from the hypothalamus | fever |
Created by:
hkrawietz
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