Abdominal wall notes
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| * At what veterbral level does the umbilicus lie between (in fit humans)? | Between L3 and L4
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| What is the linea alba? | It is a white line that occurs in the middle plane on the anterior abdominal wall; divides the body into halves
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| Where is the linea semilunaris? | Runs from the pubic tubercle up towards the 9th intercostal cartilage; marks the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis
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| Where is the inguinal ligament? What is it? | It stretches from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle; it's the part of the external abdominal oblique that folds under itself
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| What are the two layers of the fascia of the anterior abdomen wall | The superficial fascia and the deep fascia
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| What is the superficial fascia subdivided into? | The fatty (Camper's) fascia and the membranous (Scarpa's) fascia
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| The _____ Fascia is the investing fascia on the muscle. | Deep
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| What are the points of insertion of the External Abdominal Oblique Muscle? | Iliac crest, linea alba (via aponeurosis)
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| At what point does the external aobdominal oblique muscle become fascia? (landmark) | Midclavicular line
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| The external oblique muscle turns under in the area between the anterior superior ilac spine and the pubic tubercle to form the ______ _________ | inguinal ligament
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| The inquinal ligament stretches from the ___________ to the _________ tubercle | anterior superior iliac spine, pubic
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| From the pubic tubercle, an extension of the inguinal ligament sweeps posteriorly and laterally along the pectineal line to form the __________ ligament and the _______ ligaments | lacunar, pectineal
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| The ____________ ligament extends from the pubic tubercle towards the linea alba. This ligament courses _______ and __________, deep to the fibers of the external oblique muscle and interlocks with the ________ ligament from the opposite side of the body. | reflected, superiorly and medially, reflected ligament
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| What is the opening in the aponeurotic tendon of the external oblique muscle called? Where is it located? | The superficial inguinal ring; above the and lateral to the pubic tubercle
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| The edges of the superficial inguinal ring are reinforced by fibers termed _________ and ___________, located on either side of the rib, and the _________ fibers, located superior to the ring. | Medial and lateral crura; intercrurial
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| What important structure is the superficial ring the opening of? | The inguinal canal
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| What + where is the external spermatic fascia? | It is an extension of the abdominal oblique aponeurosis that forms a covering of the spermatic cord and the testes
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| What muscle is associated with the conjoint tendon and the cremaster muscle + fascia? | The internal abdominal oblique
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| Which direction do the fibers of the external abdominal oblique run? | Run from inferiorly from posterior to anterior (hands in pockets down and in)
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| What are the borders of the internal abdominal oblique? | Arise from the thoraco lumbar fascia anterior 2/3 of the iliac crest and from the lateral 2/3 of the inguinal ligament
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| The fibers of the internal oblique muscle join with the lower part of the transverse abdominal oblique to form the _________ | conjoint tendons
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| The cojoined tendon is deep to the __________ | reflected ligament
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| A bundle of fibers from the internal oblique joins the spermatic cord and forms the ___________ muscle and fascia covering the ________ and the ________ | cremaster; cord and testis
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| Where is the trasnversus abdominal muscle? | It is located in the same territory deep to the internal oblique muscle
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| The lower fibers of the transversus abdominal muscle are fused with the internal abdominal oblique muscle to form the _______ | conjoint tendon
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| Where is the rectus abdominus muscle located? | The lateral borders are 2 inches from the midline; it lies deep to the aponeurotic tendons; it stetches from the pubic symphisis to the costal arch
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| The rectus abdominis muscle has __________, fibrous bands, running horizontally across the muscle which divide the muscle into sections | Tendinous intersections
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| Where are the tendinous intersections located? | umbilicus, inferior end of the xiphoid process, equidistant from the umbilicus and xiphoid process, and between the umbilicus and the pubis
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| The lateral border of the rectus muscle demarcates the ___________ | linea semilunaris
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| The rectus abdominus is enclosed by a sheath formed by the apponeurosis of the _____, _____, and ______ abdominal oblique muscles. This sheath is called the ________ sheath. | external, internal, transverse, rectus
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| What causes the difference in posterior wall covering of the rectus sheath? | Due to the manner of formation of the rectus sheath by the tendons of the external, internal, and transversus abdominis muscles
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| What two muscles are contained by the rectus sheath? | The rectus abdomnins and the pyramidalis
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| Which muscle forms the anterior wall over the entire length of the rectus abdominis? | The external abdominal oblique
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| The ______________ splits at the lateral edge of the rectus muscle and one lamina fuses with the _________ oblique to form the anterior wall of the rectus sheath. | Internal oblique aponeurosis; external
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| Where do the aponeurosis of the three muscles insert into? | the linea alba
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| * At what point are both layers of the internal oblique aponeurosis found on the anterior surface of the rectus muscle? | Halfway between the umbilicus and the pubic crest
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| Where does the transversus abdominis muscle course anterior to the rectus abdominis? | Halfway between the umbilicus and the pubic crest
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| Describe the borders of the posterior wall of the rectus sheath | It is complete only to the point 1/2 between the umbilicus and the pubic crest; it is absent bellow that line
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| The point at which the fibers of all three muscles go anterior to the rectus abdominis is termed the ________ line | Arcuate
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| The arcuate line of the abdominis demarcates what two things? | The lower limit of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath; where the inferior epigastric vessels perforate the rectus abdominus
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| _________ to the arcuate line, the ________ aponeurosis splits to envelope the rectus abdominis muscle. _______ to the arcuate line, the ______ and the ________ aponeuroses merge and pass _________ to the rectus muscle | Superior, internal oblique, inferior, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, superficial
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| Describe the layers of muscle and aponeurosis inferior to the arcuate line | Inferior, all three muscle aponeuroses make up the rectus sheath that is now only anterio to the rectus abdominis and not posterior to this muscle; the rectus abdominis rests directly on the transversalis fascia
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| What is the pyramidalis muscle? Where is it? Where do its fibers run through? What does it do? | Small triangular muscle; from the pubic crest to the linea alba (in 20% of humans); in the rectus sheath anterior to the rectus abdominis muscle; tightens the linea alba
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| What is the transversalis fascia? | A thin aponeurotic membrane which lies between the inner surface of the transversus and the extraparitoneal fat
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| The __________ ring is formed within the transversalis fascia | Deep inguinal
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| What are the major functions of the muscles of muscles of the abdominal wall? | Flex the trunk, increase intra-abdominal pressure (defacation, urination, parturition), stabilize pelvis on trunk during walking
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| What are the nerves innervating the abdominal body wall (4)? | Ventral primary rami, iliohypogastric n., illioinguinal nerves, subcostal nerve
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| What are the arteries supplying the abdominal body wall? | Deep circumflex iliac arteries, inferior and superior epigastric arteries, posterior intercostal arteries, subcostal arteries, lumbar arteries, superficial inferior epigastric arteries, musculophrenic arteries
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