Anat and phys Marieb chap 23 digestive system part 2
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| Amylase | digestive enzyme that breaks down starchy foods
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| Bilirubin | yellow pigment of bile
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| Bile | fluid produced in and secreted by liver, stored in gallbladder and released into small intestine
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| Pharynx is made up of the ____ and the ____ | Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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| The pharynx is made up of ______ epithelium | stratified squamous
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| Skeletal muscles of the pharynx | inner longitudinal and outer pharangeal constrictors
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| The esophagus joins the stomach at the _______ | cardiac orifice
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| Esophageal mucosa contains ________ epithelium | stratified squamous
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| Esophageal glands in ________ secrete mucus to aid in bolus movement | submucosa
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| The esophagus has ___ muscle superiorly and ___ muscle inferiorly | skeletal smooth
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| The esophagus has ____ instead of serosa | adventitia
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| Chemical digestion in the mouth is comprised of salivary ____ and lingual ______ | amylase lipase
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| Deglutition involves the ___, ____, ____, ____, and ____ muscle groups | tongue, soft palate, pharynx, esophagus, 22
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| Two phases of deglutition | buccal phase, pharyngeal-esophageal phase
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| Buccal phase of deglutition is a ___ contraction of the tongue | voluntary
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| Pharyngeal-esophageal phase of deglutition is ___ and controlled by ____ and ___ | involuntary, medulla, lower pons
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| Name 6 regions of the stomach | cardiac, fundus, body, pyloric, greater curvature, lesser curvature
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| Name 3 parts of pyloric region of the stomach | antrum, pyloric canal, pylorus
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| The ___ valve connects the stomach to the duodenum | pyloric valve
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| Name the two serosa around the stomach and where they are located | lesser omentum from liver to lesser curvature and greater omentum from greater curvature to small intestine
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| Name the nerves that supply the stomach and their type | sympathetic via splanchnic nerves and celiac plexus, parasympathetic via vagus nerve
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| Name the blood supply of the stomach | celiac trunk, veins of hepatic portal system
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| The muscularis externa of the stomach is made of ___ layers of ___ muscle | 3, smooth
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| Three muscles of the stomach | longitudinal, circular, oblique
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| The ___ muscle layer of the stomach allows the stomach to churn mix and move food | inner oblique
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| The mucosa of the stomach is made of _____ epithelium and has _______ | simple columnar, gastric pits
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| Name 4 types of gastric glands | mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells
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| Glands in the ___ and ___ of the stomach produce most of the gastric juices | fundus, body
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| Parietal cells secrete ___ and have a ph of ___ which denatures protein in food, activates pepsin and kills bacteria | HCL, ph 1.5-3.5
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| Parietal cells secrete _____ which is required for absorption of B12 in the small intestine | glycoprotein
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| Chief cells secrete _____ | inactive enzyme pepsinogen
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| Inactive enzyme pepsinogen is activated to _____ by _____ and by ____ itself (a positive feedback mechanism) | pepsin, hcl, pepsin
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| Enteroendocrine cells secrete ____ and _____ into the ____ | paracrines, hormones, lamina propria
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| Name two paracrines secreted by enteroendocrine cells | serotonin, histamine
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| Name two hormones secreted by enteroedocrine cells | somatostatin, gastrin
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| The mucosal barrier has ____ _____ between epithelial cells | tight junctions
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| Gastritis is | inflammation caused by anything that breaches the mucosal barrier
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| Peptic or gastric ulcers are | erosion of the stomach wall Most are caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria
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| Name the steps of digestion | Physical digestion, Denaturation of proteins, Enzymatic digestion of proteins by pepsin, Secretes intrinsic factor required for absorption of vitamin B12, Delivers chyme to the small intestine
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| Lack of intrinsic factor required for absorption of B12 is called ___ | pernicious anemia
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| Regulation of gastric secretions is controlled by ___ and ____ mechanisms | neural, hormonal
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| Name the three phases of gastric secretion and times | cephalic reflex phase few min prior to food entry, gastric phase 3-4 hrs after food, intestinal phase brief stimulatory effect as partially digested food enters the duodenum, followed by inhibitory effects (enterogastric reflex and enterogastrones)
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| Name the three chemicals that stimulate parietal cells through second messenger systems | ACh, histamine, gastrin
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| ACh, histamine and gastrin are all necessary for max HCl secretion T/F | True
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| Antihistamines block ___ receptors and decrease ___ release | H2, HCl
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| List three factors of contractile activity | Peristaltic waves move toward the pylorus at the rate of 3 per minute, Basic electrical rhythm (BER) initiated by pacemaker cells (cells of Cajal), Distension and gastrin increase force of contraction
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| Gastric contractile activity is ____ near the pylorus | most vigorous
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| As chyme enters the duodenum receptors respond to ___ and ___ signals | stretch, chemical
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| ____ reflex and ____ inhibit gastric secretion and duodenal filling | enterogastric, enterogastrones
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| ____ rich chyme moves quickly through the duodenum | carbohydrate
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| ____ chyme remains in the duodenum for 6 hrs or more | fatty
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| The major organ of digestion and absorption is the _____ | small intestine
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| Subdivisions of small intestine | Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
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| In the duodenum, the bile duct and main pancreatic duct enter at the _____ | major duodenal papilla
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| The bile duct and the main pancreatic duct are controlled by the ____ | hepatopancreatic sphincter
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| The bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join at the _____ | hepatopancreatic ampulla
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| Three features of the duodenum | circular folds, villi, microvilli
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| Villi are made up of simple ___ cells (enterocytes) and _____ cells | columnar, goblet
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| Microvilli bear ___ ____ enzymes | brush border
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| ____________ are secretory cells that produce intestinal juice | intestinal crypt epithelium
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| Name 4 types of intestinal crypt epithelium | enteroendocrine cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), paneth cells, stem cells
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| Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) | Release cytokines that kill infected cells
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| Paneth cells | Secrete antimicrobial agents (defensins and lysozyme)
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| ________ in the submucosa protect against bacteria | Peyer’s patches
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| ___________ glands of the duodenum secrete alkaline mucus | Duodenal (Brunner’s)
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| ___________ are secreted in response to distention or irritation of the mucosa | intestinal juice
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| Intestinal juice is slightly _____ and ____ with blood plasma | alkaline, isotonic
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| _____ is largely water, enzyme poor but contains mucus | Intestinal juice
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| Name the four lobes of the liver | right, left, caudate, quadrate
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| _________ separates the right and left lobes of the liver and suspends it from the diaphragm | falciform ligament
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| __________ is a remnant of fetal umbilical vein along free edge of falciform ligament | round ligament
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| The ____ artery and vein of the liver join at the ______ | hepatic, porta hepatis
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| The _____ and the _______ form the bile duct | common hepatic duct and cystic duct
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| The _____ duct leaves the liver | common hepatic
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| The _________ duct connects to the gallbladder | cystic
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| _________ are hexagonal structural and functional units | liver lobules
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| Liver lobules are composed of plates of _________ | hepatocytes
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| Liver lobules have a _____________ | longitudinal central vein
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| The liver lobules have a triad at each corner made up of ______ | bile duct, portal arteriole, hepatic venule
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| Bile duct receives bile from the _______ | bile canaliculi
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| Liver ______ are leaky capillaries between hepatic plates | sinusoids
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| _______ cells are found in liver sinusoids | kupffer cells (hepatic macrophages)
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| Hepatocyte functions | Process bloodborne nutrients, Store fat-soluble vitamins, Perform detoxification, Produce ~900 ml bile per day
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| Bile is an ____ solution containing _________ | alkaline, bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids and electrolytes
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| Bilirubin is | pigment formed from heme
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| ________ are cholesterol derivatives that function in fat emulsification and absorption | bile salts
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| Path of enterohepatic circulation | Bile salts -- duodenum -- reabsorbed from ileum -- hepatic portal blood -- liver -- secreted into bile
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| ______ is a thin walled sac on the ventral surface of the liver | gallbladder
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| The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile by _____ | absorbing its water and ions
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| The gallbladder releases bile via the _____ which flows into the bile duct | cystic
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