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ap marieb ch23 pt2
Anat and phys Marieb chap 23 digestive system part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Amylase | digestive enzyme that breaks down starchy foods |
| Bilirubin | yellow pigment of bile |
| Bile | fluid produced in and secreted by liver, stored in gallbladder and released into small intestine |
| Pharynx is made up of the ____ and the ____ | Oropharynx and laryngopharynx |
| The pharynx is made up of ______ epithelium | stratified squamous |
| Skeletal muscles of the pharynx | inner longitudinal and outer pharangeal constrictors |
| The esophagus joins the stomach at the _______ | cardiac orifice |
| Esophageal mucosa contains ________ epithelium | stratified squamous |
| Esophageal glands in ________ secrete mucus to aid in bolus movement | submucosa |
| The esophagus has ___ muscle superiorly and ___ muscle inferiorly | skeletal smooth |
| The esophagus has ____ instead of serosa | adventitia |
| Chemical digestion in the mouth is comprised of salivary ____ and lingual ______ | amylase lipase |
| Deglutition involves the ___, ____, ____, ____, and ____ muscle groups | tongue, soft palate, pharynx, esophagus, 22 |
| Two phases of deglutition | buccal phase, pharyngeal-esophageal phase |
| Buccal phase of deglutition is a ___ contraction of the tongue | voluntary |
| Pharyngeal-esophageal phase of deglutition is ___ and controlled by ____ and ___ | involuntary, medulla, lower pons |
| Name 6 regions of the stomach | cardiac, fundus, body, pyloric, greater curvature, lesser curvature |
| Name 3 parts of pyloric region of the stomach | antrum, pyloric canal, pylorus |
| The ___ valve connects the stomach to the duodenum | pyloric valve |
| Name the two serosa around the stomach and where they are located | lesser omentum from liver to lesser curvature and greater omentum from greater curvature to small intestine |
| Name the nerves that supply the stomach and their type | sympathetic via splanchnic nerves and celiac plexus, parasympathetic via vagus nerve |
| Name the blood supply of the stomach | celiac trunk, veins of hepatic portal system |
| The muscularis externa of the stomach is made of ___ layers of ___ muscle | 3, smooth |
| Three muscles of the stomach | longitudinal, circular, oblique |
| The ___ muscle layer of the stomach allows the stomach to churn mix and move food | inner oblique |
| The mucosa of the stomach is made of _____ epithelium and has _______ | simple columnar, gastric pits |
| Name 4 types of gastric glands | mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells |
| Glands in the ___ and ___ of the stomach produce most of the gastric juices | fundus, body |
| Parietal cells secrete ___ and have a ph of ___ which denatures protein in food, activates pepsin and kills bacteria | HCL, ph 1.5-3.5 |
| Parietal cells secrete _____ which is required for absorption of B12 in the small intestine | glycoprotein |
| Chief cells secrete _____ | inactive enzyme pepsinogen |
| Inactive enzyme pepsinogen is activated to _____ by _____ and by ____ itself (a positive feedback mechanism) | pepsin, hcl, pepsin |
| Enteroendocrine cells secrete ____ and _____ into the ____ | paracrines, hormones, lamina propria |
| Name two paracrines secreted by enteroendocrine cells | serotonin, histamine |
| Name two hormones secreted by enteroedocrine cells | somatostatin, gastrin |
| The mucosal barrier has ____ _____ between epithelial cells | tight junctions |
| Gastritis is | inflammation caused by anything that breaches the mucosal barrier |
| Peptic or gastric ulcers are | erosion of the stomach wall Most are caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria |
| Name the steps of digestion | Physical digestion, Denaturation of proteins, Enzymatic digestion of proteins by pepsin, Secretes intrinsic factor required for absorption of vitamin B12, Delivers chyme to the small intestine |
| Lack of intrinsic factor required for absorption of B12 is called ___ | pernicious anemia |
| Regulation of gastric secretions is controlled by ___ and ____ mechanisms | neural, hormonal |
| Name the three phases of gastric secretion and times | cephalic reflex phase few min prior to food entry, gastric phase 3-4 hrs after food, intestinal phase brief stimulatory effect as partially digested food enters the duodenum, followed by inhibitory effects (enterogastric reflex and enterogastrones) |
| Name the three chemicals that stimulate parietal cells through second messenger systems | ACh, histamine, gastrin |
| ACh, histamine and gastrin are all necessary for max HCl secretion T/F | True |
| Antihistamines block ___ receptors and decrease ___ release | H2, HCl |
| List three factors of contractile activity | Peristaltic waves move toward the pylorus at the rate of 3 per minute, Basic electrical rhythm (BER) initiated by pacemaker cells (cells of Cajal), Distension and gastrin increase force of contraction |
| Gastric contractile activity is ____ near the pylorus | most vigorous |
| As chyme enters the duodenum receptors respond to ___ and ___ signals | stretch, chemical |
| ____ reflex and ____ inhibit gastric secretion and duodenal filling | enterogastric, enterogastrones |
| ____ rich chyme moves quickly through the duodenum | carbohydrate |
| ____ chyme remains in the duodenum for 6 hrs or more | fatty |
| The major organ of digestion and absorption is the _____ | small intestine |
| Subdivisions of small intestine | Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum |
| In the duodenum, the bile duct and main pancreatic duct enter at the _____ | major duodenal papilla |
| The bile duct and the main pancreatic duct are controlled by the ____ | hepatopancreatic sphincter |
| The bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join at the _____ | hepatopancreatic ampulla |
| Three features of the duodenum | circular folds, villi, microvilli |
| Villi are made up of simple ___ cells (enterocytes) and _____ cells | columnar, goblet |
| Microvilli bear ___ ____ enzymes | brush border |
| ____________ are secretory cells that produce intestinal juice | intestinal crypt epithelium |
| Name 4 types of intestinal crypt epithelium | enteroendocrine cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), paneth cells, stem cells |
| Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) | Release cytokines that kill infected cells |
| Paneth cells | Secrete antimicrobial agents (defensins and lysozyme) |
| ________ in the submucosa protect against bacteria | Peyer’s patches |
| ___________ glands of the duodenum secrete alkaline mucus | Duodenal (Brunner’s) |
| ___________ are secreted in response to distention or irritation of the mucosa | intestinal juice |
| Intestinal juice is slightly _____ and ____ with blood plasma | alkaline, isotonic |
| _____ is largely water, enzyme poor but contains mucus | Intestinal juice |
| Name the four lobes of the liver | right, left, caudate, quadrate |
| _________ separates the right and left lobes of the liver and suspends it from the diaphragm | falciform ligament |
| __________ is a remnant of fetal umbilical vein along free edge of falciform ligament | round ligament |
| The ____ artery and vein of the liver join at the ______ | hepatic, porta hepatis |
| The _____ and the _______ form the bile duct | common hepatic duct and cystic duct |
| The _____ duct leaves the liver | common hepatic |
| The _________ duct connects to the gallbladder | cystic |
| _________ are hexagonal structural and functional units | liver lobules |
| Liver lobules are composed of plates of _________ | hepatocytes |
| Liver lobules have a _____________ | longitudinal central vein |
| The liver lobules have a triad at each corner made up of ______ | bile duct, portal arteriole, hepatic venule |
| Bile duct receives bile from the _______ | bile canaliculi |
| Liver ______ are leaky capillaries between hepatic plates | sinusoids |
| _______ cells are found in liver sinusoids | kupffer cells (hepatic macrophages) |
| Hepatocyte functions | Process bloodborne nutrients, Store fat-soluble vitamins, Perform detoxification, Produce ~900 ml bile per day |
| Bile is an ____ solution containing _________ | alkaline, bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids and electrolytes |
| Bilirubin is | pigment formed from heme |
| ________ are cholesterol derivatives that function in fat emulsification and absorption | bile salts |
| Path of enterohepatic circulation | Bile salts -- duodenum -- reabsorbed from ileum -- hepatic portal blood -- liver -- secreted into bile |
| ______ is a thin walled sac on the ventral surface of the liver | gallbladder |
| The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile by _____ | absorbing its water and ions |
| The gallbladder releases bile via the _____ which flows into the bile duct | cystic |
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hkrawietz
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