EKG1126
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| Cardiology refers to a medical specialty which: | studies electrocardiograms, the heart, and treats diseases of the heart.
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| Electrocardiogram or ECG is: | a key test in diagnosing & identifying heart disease, records the electrical activity of the heart, & can be performed by a tech/nurse w/ proper training.
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| The machine used to obtain electrical information from the heart is called: | electrocardiograph or ECG machine
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| Job skills for the ECG technician include: | knowledge of anatomy & physiology of the heart; ability to prioritize tasks & activities by importance; responds to patients' emotional needs.
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| All healthcare workers must abide by certain rules which: | protect a patient's confidentiality & dignity; are established in the Patient's Bill of Rights.
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| Crises arise everyday in clinics and hospitals and require technicians to: | act quickly & prioritize activities; help the nurses & doctors w/in the limits of his/her training
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| When disagreements arise between healthcare workers: | each person should be allowed to explain his/her actions & the principles of conflict resolution and mediation applied.
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| If conflict resolution is used then: | communication will improve; patients will get better service
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| The ECG tech can provide a good quality service to patients and be an excellent employee: | by having and developing good communication skills; by cultivating empathy and compassion; by remaining flexible
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| The healthcare environment is busy and stressful; the technician can decrease his/her personal stress by: | getting enough exercise and rest; eating properly.
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| The cardiac patient has diseases of the: | heart
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| Cardiac risk factors: | are conditions which increase the probability of developing heart disease
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| Cardiac risk factors include: | age, smoking,family health history, male gender
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| Modifiable cardiac risk factors include: | smoking & diet
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| Losing weight and exercising three times a week are examples of: A | modifiable risk factors; changing lifestyle and decreasing risk of heart disease.
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| Angina is: | the result of ischemia; chest pain, squeezing, pressure, and/or left arm pain; a symptom of heart disease; the result of CAD.
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| The importance of the coronary arteries is: | they bring oxygen rich blood to the heart tissue
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| Atherosclerosis is a disease: | which involves accumulation of fatty deposits within the artery wall.
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| All tissue in the body, including the heart require: | oxygen to function
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| A heart attack is: | aka myocardial infarction; caused by complete blockage of a coronary artery; caused by fatty deposits, plaque, & blood clots; a cardiac disease or event.
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| Ischemia means: | lack of blood and oxygen being supplied to a part of the body.
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| Infarction means: | death of tissue and cells caused by complete blockage of arteries.
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| PTCA is: | percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
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| CABG is: | coronary artery bypass grafting
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| A difference between CABG and PTCA is: | CABG requires open heart surgery and PTCA is a radiology technique that doesn't require surgery.
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| What are the pieces of equipment needed to perform a blood pressure? | Stethoscope, spygmomanometer
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| The top number of the blood pressure reading is called: | systolic
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| The bottom number of the blood pressure reading is called: | diastolic
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| Blood pressure is measured in units called: | mmhg
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| Factors that can result in an inconsistent blood pressure reading include: | diet, exercise, stress, improper cuff size
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| 3 situations that would prevent you from obtaining a blood pressure using a particular arm: | IV or Heplock is place; Dialysis or Fistula; Same side as Mastectomy.
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| T/F: The main organs of the cardiopulmonary syste are the heart and blood vessels. | False
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| T/F: The heart is a double-sided pump. | True
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| T/F: The ventricles function as reservoirs for blood. | False
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| T/F: Contractility is an electrical function of the heart. | False
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| The upper chambers of the heart are known as the ___ and the lower chambers of the heart are known as the ____. | atrias; ventricles.
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| Name four valves of the heart: | pulmonic; mitral; tricuspid; aortic.
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| ___ carry blood Away from the heart. | Arteries
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| ___ carries blood back to the heart. | Veins
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| Movement of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs is called the: | Pulmonary Circulation
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| Cardiac muscle tissue receives its blood supply from the: | Coronary arteries
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| Automaticity is the ability of cardiac cells to: | Initiate their own electrical impulse
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| The ability of cardiac cells to transmit an electrical impulse is: | Conductivity
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| The inferior and superior vena cava deliver oxygen poor blood from the rest of the body to: | the right atrium
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| Oxygen rich blood is delivered by the pulmonary veins from the lungs to the: | left atrium
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| Oxygen poor blood is pumped from the right atria to: | right ventricle
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| Oxygen rich blood is pumped from the left ventricle and into: | the aorta
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| Oxygen poor blood is pumped from the right ventricle into: | the pulmonary artery
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| The purpose of the heart valves is to: | Encourage forward flow of blood and prevent backward leakage into the previous chamber
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| The aorta receives oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle and delivers blood to the: | the brain; the arms and legs; the kidneys; the liver.
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| The flow of the blood through the heart is in this order: | vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta.
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| The SA node or sinoatrial node: | is located in the upper right atrium; is the pacemaker of the heart.
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| The AV junction or the atrio-ventricular junction: | located in the lower right atrium; is a backup pacemaker that will pace the heart if the SA node fails to do so.
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| The electrical conduction in the heart: | occurs before the mechanical contraction
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| The cardiac cycle is: | the timed events of the electrical conduction that results in mechanical action and produces a blood pressure and pulse.
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| The electrical impulse is delivered to the ventricles via the: | Bundle branches and Purkinje fibers
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| The electrical impulse of the heart is recorded by the: | ECG
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| Systole means: | the heart muscle is contracting
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| Diastole means: | the heart muscle is at rest and relaxing
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| The atrial kick is: | The additional 30% of blood pushed into the ventricle when the atria contract
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| Cyanosis is: | Bluish-gray color of the lips, skin, and nail beds caused by a lack of oxygen
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| Electrical current through the tissues is caused by: | Movement of electrolytes across a semi-permeable membrane.
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| Polarization is a state in which the cells are: | in the resting state during which time there is a low probability of an electrical discarge.
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| Depolarization is: | the state when a threshold is reached and the electrolytes move across the semi-permeable membrane and a current is discharged.
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| Repolarization is: | electrolytes move across the semi-permeable membrane back to the resting state.
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| The events of polarization, depolarization, and repolarization are represented on: | ECG recording
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| The EKG is a recording of the electrical waveforms onto: | graph paper
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| On the EKG recording, polarization is represented by: | the baseline or isoelectric line
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| The depolarization of the heart occurs in a synchronized manner in this sequence: | SA Node, atria, AV node, bundle of His, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
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| Atrial depolarization is represented on the ECG recording by: | the P wave
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| Atrial repolarization is represented on the ECG recording by: | it is not visible
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| Ventricular depolarization is represented on the EKG recording by: | the QRS complex
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| Ventricular repolarization is represented on the ECG recording by: | the T wave
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| The recording of the electrical events of the P wave, QRS complex, T wave, and baseline is: | done routinely by recording the EKG; able to be analyzed and can help in the diagnosis of cardiac disease.
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| The refractory period: | occurs during repolarization; is when the heart cannot respond to an electrical stimulus.
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| The U wave is: | a normal variant and occurs at the end of the T wave.
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| After the P wave, or atrial depolarization, then: | the atria contract.
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| After the QRS complex: | the ventricles contract.
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| The electrical impulses of the heart become an ECG tracing through: | sensors or electrodes placed on the chest, attached by cables to the EKG machine which translates electrical information into the mechanical action that creates the waveforms.
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| The horizontal axis on the ECG graph paper represent: | time
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| The vertical axis on the EKG graph paper represent: | voltage
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| Indicate the inherent rate for the sinoatrial (SA)node: | 60-100
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| Indicate the inherent rate for the atrioventricular (AV) node: | 40-60
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| Indicate the inherent rate for the ventricles: | 20-40
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| The EKG monitor shows: | the electrical impulses through the heart, not the actual contraction of the heart muscle.
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| The P wave represents the depolarization of both the right and left: | atria
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| The 12 lead EKG is helpful in diagnosing heart disease and conditions including: | MI, Ischemia, Pericarditis, Ventricular hypertrophy.
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| A doctor or nurse may order an EKG on patients experiencing: | chest pain or tightness, fainting, and shortness of breath.
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| When preparing a patient for an ECG: | explain the procedure and the equipment; make it a habit to identify the patient and verify the orders.
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| The electrode: | has a gel coating that enhances skin contact & improves conduction of electrical impulses through the skin.
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| The electrode: | has a tab that allows the cables of the EKG machine to be attached to it.
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| The electrode: | are placed at specific anatomical locations on the body.
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| The electrocardiograph detects: | electrical activity of the heart.
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| Calibration means: | setting a machine to a standardized scale to allow comparison of the results.
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| On the EKG machine the "filter" acts to: | diminish electrical activity that may be present in the environment and that might interfere with the tracing.
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| Artifact on the ECG recording indicates: | poor connections, muscle movement, or electrical interference.
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| The isoelectric line: | is a flat straight line with no waveforms present; means that no electrical activity is detected.
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| The anatomical landmarks crucial when performing a standard 12 lead ECG are the: | right & left sternal border, midclavicular line, 4th & 5th intercostals spaces, anterior & midaxillary lines.
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| The standard limb leads are bipolar leads and are: | created by electrodes placed on the arms and legs.
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| The augmented limb leads are unipolar and are: | increased in size by 50%.
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| V leads are: | also called the chest leads or precordial leads; also unipolar leads.
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| V1 is located at the: | 4th intercostals space at the right sternal border.
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| V2 is located at the: | 4th intercostals space at the left sternal border.
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| V3 is located at the: | halfway point between v2 and v4.
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| V4 is located at the: | 5th intercostals space at the midclavicular line.
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| V5 is located at the: | level of V4 at the anterior axillary line.
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| V6 is located at the: | level of V4 at the midaxillary line.
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| Leads II, III, and aVF look at the: | inferior wall of the heart.
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| Leads V1, V2, and V3 look at the: | anterior wall and intraventricular septum.
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| The electrocardiograph machine was developed by: | Einthoven
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| The surface of the heart is divided into six sections: | anterior wall, anteroseptal wall, lateral wall, inferior wall, posterior wall, apical wall.
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| Procedure for obtaining an EKG includes: | wash hands, identify the patient, and place electrodes in proper anatomical locations.
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| The term "lead" refers to a particular "view" of the heart and: | the cables connected to the electrodes.
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| One large box on the EKG graph paper equals: | 0.20 sec
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| One small box on the EKG graph paper equals: | 0.04 sec
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| The steps in a systemic rhythm analysis: | make general observation about rhythms, determine the HR, determine if the rhythm is regular, determine whether there is a P wave for every QRS complex, measure the waveforms.
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| On the EKG, time is measured along: | the horizontal axis.
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| Hash marks at the top of a rhythm strip occur at intervals of: | every 15 boxes or every 3 sec.
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| Calipers are: | useful in measuring waveforms; used in determining regularity of a rhythm; a metal tool with two arms that adjust & lock into place.
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| If calipers are not used, how can you determine regularity: | place the edge of a blank paper over the tracing, mark the R to R interval for 2 clycles, & move it down 1 cycle to see if the marks line up with the next R to R cycle.
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| There are many ways to determine HR including: | counting the QRS complexes during a 6 second period and multiplying by 10; count the large boxes between one R to R interval & divide that number into 300.
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| When measuring the PR interval remember: | start the measurement at the beginning of the P wave & end at the beginning of the QRS; the PR interval is normally 0.12-0.20 sec.
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| When measuring the QRS complex: | start at the beginning of the QRS & end when the waveform returns to the baseline; the QRS has several morphologies including a mostly positive waveform as well as a mostly negative waveform.
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| The QRS complex normally is: | 0.04-0.10 sec
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| Characteristics of NSR include: | there is a P wave for every QRS complex; the rhythm is regular.
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| Variations of NSR include: | sinus bradycardia and sinus arrhythmia
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| Criteria for sinus bradycardia includes: | HR less than 60 bpm and P wave for every QRS complex.
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| Criteria for tachycardia includes: | HR greater than 100 bpm.
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| Criteria for sinus arryhthmia includes: | slightly irregular, varies with respiration.
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| Sinus tachycardia is a normal physiologic response to: | exercise, pain, fever and blood loss.
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| Sinus bradycardia is normal and may be: | a response to medication, a response to rest or sleep, a byproduct of athletic training.
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| The baseline or isoelectric line is: | the absence of electrical activity.
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| T/F: When interpreting a rhythem strip, it is important to check wave formation, rhythm and rate. | True
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| T/F: The SA node generates an electrical impulse at a rate of 60-100 bpm. | True
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| T/F: Sinus bradycardia has a rate greater than 100 bpm. | False
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| T/F: A PAC is an atrial contraction that occurs later than the next expected complex of the underlying rhythm. | True
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| T/F: In sinus arrhythmia, the heart rate increases with inspirations and decreases with expirations. | True
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| T/F: Ventricular tachycardia is a dysrhythmia that originates from many ventricular sites. | True
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| T/F: Asystole occurs when there is no electrical activity in the atria or the ventricles. | False
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| T/F: If two PVCs occur in a row, it is called ventricular tachycardia. | True
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| T/F: Multifocal PVCs mean that the PVCs are coming from the same location. | False
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| T/F: Bigeminy PVCs occur every other beat. | True
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| T/F: An agonal rhythm is the heart's last cry for help. | False
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| An extra atrial contraction followed by a QRS complex that occurs earlier than predicted is: | Premature atrial contraction
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| PAC's that occur every other beat are called: | Bigeminy
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| The reduction in cardiac output that occurs with SVT can cause: | Syncope, Lightheadedness, and Dizzyness.
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| Atrial Flutter is characterized by: | Flutter waves with saw-toothed appearance.
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| Atrial Fibrillation is characterized by: | an irregular, irregularity; P waves being replaced by fibrillatory waves; and a loss of the "Atrial Kick"
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| A patient with AFib can be converted to Sinus Rhythm by: | medication and cardioversion.
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| In Atrial Flutter and Atrial Fibrillation, which waveform cannot be seen? | P wave
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| Paroxysmal means: | sudden onset and sudden end.
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| Special conductive tissue located in the lower right atrium. | AV node
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| Carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. | pulmonary artery
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| Special conductive tissue that extends into the right and left ventricle. | bundle branches
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| Receives blood from the left side of hte heart to be distributed to the rest of the body. | aorta
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| Pacemaker of the heart. | SA node
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| Lower chambers or main pumping chambers. | ventricles
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| Relating to the lungs. | pulmonary
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| Conductive tissue leading from the AV node to the ventricular septum between the right and left ventricle. | bundle of His
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| Large vein returning deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart. | vena cava
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| The resting phase of the heart. | diastole
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| Conductive tissue that transmits electrical impulses from the bundle branches to the ventricular tissue. | Purkinje fibers
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| Relating to the system of blood vessels. | vascular
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| Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart. | pulmonary vein
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| The upper chambers. | atria
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| The time during which the heart is contracting or working. | systole
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| The series of electrical and mechanical events that comprise each heart beat. | cardiac cycle
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| Very small charged particle. | ion
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| A heart test that uses ultrasound waves to obtain pictures of heart structures such as the valves and heart chambers. | echocardiogram
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| Decreased blood flow to the tissue, resulting in decreased levels of oxygen and nutrients. | ischemia
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| Blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. | coronary arteries
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| Death of heart muscle tissue caused by blockages in the coronary arteries. | MI
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| Chest pain caused by the decrease of blood flow to the heart muscle. | angina
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| Relating the heart. | cardiac
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| Disturbance in the heart rhythm. | arrhythmia
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| A procedure in which dye is injected into the coronary arteries and a moving x-ray is taken to detect blockages. | angiogram
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| Heart disease caused by blockages in the coronary arteries. | CAD
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| Lead I | Records the electrical current through the heart, from the right arm to the the left arm.
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| Lead I | RA Sensor is negative; LA Sensor is positive.
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| Lead I | The heart is viewed from the positive electrode, or LA, which views the lateral wall of the heart.
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| Lead II | Records the electrical current downward through the heart's long axis, from the right arm to the left leg.
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| Lead II | RA Sensor is negative; LA Sensor is positive.
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| Lead II | The heart is viewed from the positive electrode, or LL, which iews the inferior wall of the heart.
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| Lead III | Records the electrical current from the left arm to the left leg.
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| Lead III | LA Sensor is negative; LL Sensor is positive.
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| Lead III | The heart is viewed from the positive electrode, or LL, which views the inferior wall of the heart from another angle.
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| aVF | Top; Positive LL looks at the inferior wall of the heart.
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| aVR | Left of Heart; Positive RA looks at the top of the heart.
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| aVL | Right of Heart; Positive LA looks at the superior lateral wall of the heart.
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| V1, V2, and V3 | These leads look at the interventricular septum and anterior wall.
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| V4 | This lead looks at the anterior wall.
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| V5 and V6 | These leads look at the apical and low lateral walls.
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