exam3 RespSYS
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| breathing consists of what 2 things | inspiration and expiration
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| resp pressure is stated in terms of what kind of pressure. what is this number? | atmospheric pressure...760mmHg
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| positive pressures are lower and negative pressures are highter. T or F? | False. positive pressures are higher and negative pressures are lower
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| what is intrapulmonary pressure? | pressure in the alveoli
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| pressure in the alveoli is called what? | intrapulmonary pressure
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| pressure in the pleural space is called what? | intrapleural pressure
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| what is intrapleural pressure? | pressure in the pleural space
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| intrapleural pressure is usally how much lower than intrapulmonary pressure | 4 mmHg
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| intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure. T or F | false..intrapleural pressure is lower
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| why or how is intrapleural pressure lower than intrapulmonary pressure | due to elasticity of the lung and surface tension of the alveoli
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| pleural fluid is reabsorbed or secreted? | reabsorbed
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| pleural fluid is reabsorbed by what? | the lymphatics
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| the lymphatics reabsorb what? | pleural fluid
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| collapse of the alveoli is called what? | atelectasis
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| what is atelectasis | collapse of the alveoli
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| collapse of the alveoli-aka atelectasis is cause by several things. T or F | TRUE
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| what is it called when there is an opening in the pleura and air in the pleural space causing the lung to collapse | pneumothorax
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| what is pneumothorax | opening in the pleural and air in the pleural space. causes the lungs to collapse
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| T or F...the air in the pleural space of the left lung lung causes the right lung to collapse | false-R and l are separate pleural spaces
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| does volume cause pressure change and movement of air? | yes
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| what causes movement of air | volume change and pressure change
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| pressure is directly related to volume T or F | F it is conversely related
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| When volume increase pressure.... and when volume decreases pressure... | When volume increase pressure decreases and when volume decreases pressure increases
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| diaphragm moves inferior and external intercostals elevate and pull the ribs superiorly during what? | quiet inspiration
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| diaphragm moves inferior and external intercostals elevate and pull the ribs superiorly causing a increase or decrease in thoracic volume? | increase
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| quiet inspiration causes intrapulmonary pressure to increase or decrease as air moves in? | decrease
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| accessory muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid are used during | deep inspiration
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| deep inspiration involves what? | accesory muscles such as sternocleidomastoid
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| quiet inspiration involves what? | diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
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| quiet expiration involves what? | nothing...completely passive no energy required
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| what happens during quiet expiration? | diaphragm moves up, ribs drop, volume decreases, pressure increases, air moves out
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| why is quiet expiration passive | due to elasticity of lungs
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| forced expiration involves what? | internal intercostals -ribs move down sternum inward. abdominal muscles increase.
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| during forced expiration do the abdominal muscles increase or decrease? | increase
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| during focred expiration do the ribs move down or up via? | down via internal intercostals
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| during quiet expiration does the diaphragm move up or down | up
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| during quiet expiration do the ribs go up or down? | down
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| during quiet expiration does pressure increase or decrease | increase
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| forced expiration is an active process whereas quiet expiration is not T or F | true
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| forced expiration requires energy but quiet expiration does not. T or F | true
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| in an ashtma patient they use what kind of breathing most of the time | forced expiration
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| asthma patients use their accessory muscles to exhale like a normal person in deep inspiration T or F | true
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| air flow is measured in what unit | L/min
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| is air flow inversely or directly related to the pressure difference between the atmosphere and the alveoli? | directly
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| air flow is directly related to | the pressure difference btween the atmosphere and the alveoli
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| air flow is inversely related to | the airway resistance
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| air flow is directly or inversely related to the airway resistance | inversely
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| increase resistance= flow; decreased resistance= flow | increase resistance=decreased flow; decreased resistance increased flow
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| how is airway resistance determined | by the diameter of the airways
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| histamine causes bronchio constriction or dilation? | constriction
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| epinephrine causes broncho constriction or dilation? | dilation
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| smooth muscle of bronchioles responds to ANS and to local chemicals T or F | true
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| surface tension shows how strong the moleucles of a liquid are attracted to one another T or F | true
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| increase in surface tension is an increase or decrease in compliance? | decrease
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| alveolar suface tension tries to do what to the alveoli | make them smaller
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| pure water has high or low surface tension | high
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| what is surfactant | decreases surface tension-detergent-like made by cells in the alveoli
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| detergent like substance made by cells in the alveoli and decreases surface tension | surfactant
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| decrease in surface tension makes the lungs easier to expand t or F | true
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| surfactatnt makes lungs harder to expand T or F | False-makes it easier to expand
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| easier to expand equals hih or low compliance | high
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| what does IRDS stand for? | Infant Respiratory distress syndrome
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| what is IRDS? | alveolar collapse in premature babies due to inadequate surfactant production
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| alveolar collapse in premature babies due to inadequate surfactant production is called what? | IRDS-Infant Respiratory distress syndrome
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| what is compliance | degree of volume increase which occurs with a given increase in pressure
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| degree of volume increase which occurs with a given increase in pressure is called what/ | compliance
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| compliance is the degree of volume decrease with a increase in pressure T or F | False-volume increase and volume pressure
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| what can decrease compliance? | lung fibrosis-scar tissue
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| what is lung fibrosis | scar tissue in the lung
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| scar tissue in the lung is called what | lung fibrosis
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| does lung fibrosis increase or decrease compliance | decrease
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| the higher the compliance the increased energy needed to breath T or F | False...the lower the compliance the increased energy required to breathe
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| if you are running from a bear...do your bronchiles dilate or constrict? arterioles? | bronchioles dilate-sympathetic...arterioles constrict
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| no surfactant is high or low surface tension, high or low compliance and more or less energy to breathe | high surface tension, low compliance and more energy required to breathe
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| how do you calculate total compliance? | chest wall compliance plus lung compliance
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| does chest wall compliance increase or decrease with age? | decrease
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| what is tidal volume | air in and out during normal quiet breathing
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| air that moves in and out during normal breathing is called what | tidal volume
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| what is IRV | inspiratory reserve volume-add'l air that can be inspired after normal inspiration
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| what is ErV | expiratory reserve volume-add'l air that can be expired after normal expiration
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| expiratory reserve volume-add'l air that can be expired after normal expiration | ERV-expiratory reserve volume
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| inspiratory reserve volume-add'l air that can be inspired after normal inspiration | IRV-inspiratory reserve volume
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| what is Rv | risidual volume-air left w/in the lungs after maximum expiration
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| average amount of residual air is what amount? | about 1 liter
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| risidual volume is what | air left w/in the lungs after maximum expiration
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| what is FRc | functional residual capacity=RV+vC
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| Rv+vc= | FRC
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| vital capacity is what | total exchangable air ErV+TV+IRv
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| ErV+TV+IRv=what | vital capacity
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| total lung capacity is what | rv+VC
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| rv+VC= | total lung capacity TLC
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| the volume of the conducting zone is called what | anatomical dead space
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| what is anatomical dead space | the volume of the conducting zone 150 ml the total of tV minus 150 is the amount used for gas exchange ex. 500-150=350
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| pulmonary function tests are measured by a | spirometer
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| what is a spirometer | measures PFT's or pulmonary function tests-measures lung capacities and volumes
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| measures lung capacities and volumes | spirometer
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| increased airway resistance in | athma COPD...obstructive pulmonary disease
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| asthma is an obstructive pulmonary disease t or f | true
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| what is obstructive pulmonary disease | increased airway resistance
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| what is restrictive pulmonary disease | decreased vital capacity
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| decreased vital capacity is called | restrictive pulmonary disease
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| one example of restrictive pulmonary disease | pulmonary fibrosis
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| TV times resp rate is called what | minute ventilation
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| minute ventilation is what | TV times resp rate
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| forced vital capacity FVC is what | VC when exhaled rapidly as possible
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| VC exhaled as fast as possible is called what | FVC Forced vital capacity
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| FEV1 is what | forced expiratory volume 1 second-amount of air exhaled in the 1st second of a forced expiration normal is 80%
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| normal FEV1 | 80%
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| air exhaled in the 1st second of a focred expiration is what | FEV1-forced expiratory volume
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| the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each individual gas in the mixture true or F | True
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| the pressure of each gas is called | partial pressure
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| partial pressure is proportional to what | percentage of that gas in the mixture
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| O2 makes up what percent of the atmosphere no matter where you are | 21%
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| at sea level 760mmHG what is the parital pressure of O2? | 760 times 21%=160gass
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| in abq the partial pressure is lower T or F | true...625 times 21% is only 130 because atmospheric pressure in ABQ is less
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| when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, it will dissolve the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure | true
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| the concentration of the gas in the liquid is what? | the partial pressure of a gas dissolved in a liquid
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| T or F. If room air is in contact with water the PO2 in the air and in the water will be 160 mmHg after equilibrium has occured | true
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| if the partial pressure of a gas is higher in the air or water, the gas will diffuse from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached T or F | true example...CO2 bubbles out when opening a soda can high in PCO2
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| at a specific pressure, the actual amount of gas dissolved dpends on the solubility of the gas T or F | true
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| at the same partial pressure what happens to CO2 and o2 | more CO2 than O2 is dissolved in water because CO2 is more soluble
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| Alveolar gas PO2 is what | 104 mmHg
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| alveolar gas has a lower PO2 a higher PCO2 and a higher PH20 than air due to gas exchange and humidification T or F | true
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| Venous PO2 is what | 40 mmHg
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| movement of O2 and Co2 influenced by what | partial pressure gradient and gas solubility...matching btwn ventilation of the alveoli and perfusion of the alveolar capillaries...thickness and surface area of resp membrane
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| venous PCO2 is what | 45 mmHg
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| alveolar PCO2 is what | 40 mmHg
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| the PO2 and PCO2 of the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries will be the same as that of the alveolar air T or F | true
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| what happens when the lung has low ventilation? what happens to the alveolar PO2 increases or decreases causing the arterioles to constrict or dilate increase or decrease blood flow | decreases ...constrict...decreases blood flow
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| alveolar PO2 increases do the arterioles constrict or dilate and does blood flow increase or decrease | dilate...increase
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| what is shunting | when blood passes through the capillaries of non-ventilated alveoli
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| when blood passes through the capillaries of non-ventilated alveoli is called what | shunting
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| what does shunting cause | pulmonary vein PO2 to be lower than alveoli PO2
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| shunting causes pulm vein PO2 lower or higher than alveoli PO2 | lower
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| if the resp membrane is thicker, what happens to oxygen diffusion | it is slowed
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| if the resp membrane is thicker it can lead to what | hypoxia
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| if the resp membrane is thicker what happens to CO2? | no change because it is much more soluble
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| what is the total alveolar surface area | 90 m squared
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| what is loss of surface area or blockage of airways can lead to | hypoxia
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| emphysema is low or high surface area and causes what | low surface area and hypoxia
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| internal resp/tissues...CO2 and O2 are reversed from exp resp T or F | True
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| internal resp in the tissues what is PO2 in the arteries? in the tissues? | 100 mmHg ....40 mmHg
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| is oxygen soluble in water | no poorly soluble
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| what percent of oxygen is dissolved in plasma | 1.5 %
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| what percent of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin? | 98.5%
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| each Hb molecule has how many binding sites for oxygen? | 4
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| oxygen is bound is called | oxyhemoglobin
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| what is oxyhemoglobin? | when oxygen is bound to hemoglobin
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| what is O2 saturation | the percentage of the total O2 binding sites occupied by oxygen
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| the percentage of the total O2 binding sites occupied by oxygen is called what | O2 saturation
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| what is the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve? | the relationship between teh PO2 and CO2 saturation
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| what is the realtionship between the PO2 and CO2 saturation called | the oxygen hemoglobin dissocation curve
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| at sea level arterial blood is what perecent saturated and has how much PO2 | 98% with 100 mmHg PO2
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| ABQ arterial blood PO2 O2 sat is | PO2 abq is 80 mmHg and 95% O2
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| Venous blood has an O2 sat of what percent | 75%
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| flat portion of the curve | large drops in PO2 small drops in O2..Hb loads O2 easily
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| large drops in PO2 small drops in O2..Hb loads O2 easily | flat portion of curve
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| steep portion of curve | small drops in Po2 and large drops in O2 Hb unloads O2 easily
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| small drops in Po2 and large drops in O2 Hb unloads O2 easily | steep portion of the curve
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| factors that weaken the Hb-O2 bond and help it unload O2 easily | more CO2 and H+ and higher temperature
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| what is hypoxia | low oxygen level in the tissues
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| low oxygen level in the tissues | hypoxia
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| low oxygen level in the blood | hypoxemia
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| what is hypoxemia | low oxygen level in the blood
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| what is cyanosis | blue coloration to skin and mucosa O2 sat is <75%
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| blue coloration to skin and mucosa O2 sat is <75% is called what | cyanosis
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| anemic hypoxia is | inadequate amt of functioing Hb in the blood such as severe anemia
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| inadequate amt of functioing Hb in the blood such as severe anemia is called what | anemic hypoxia
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| lack of blood flow such as shock is called what | ischemic hypoxia
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| what is ischemic hypoxia? | lack of blood flow such as shock
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| what is histotoxic hypoxia? | problems with cellular respiration
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| problems with cellular respiration is called what | histotoxic hypoxia
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| hypoxemic hypoxia is what | decreased O2 sat such as drowning and lung disease
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| decreased O2 sat such as drowning and lung disease is what | hypoxemic hypoxia
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| release O2 causes what to PCO2, PO2, pH, and temp? | increase PCO2 decrease PO2 decrease Ph and Increase temp
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| carbon dioxide in the blood how much is dissolved in plasma on Hb, and as bicarbonate what % | 7-10 plamsa, 20% Hb bound to globin, and 70% as bicarbomnate hco3-
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| carbonic acid dissociates to form H+ and HCO3 t of F | true
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| in the lungs HCO3-combines with H+ to produce | H2CO3 broken down to form CO2 and H20
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| Co2=acid more CO2 in blood raises or lower the Ph | lowers the Ph
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| where is resp rhythm controlled | medulla
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| basic resp rhythm rate is how much | 12-15 breaths per minute
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| the respiratory centers of the medulla which control resp rhythm can be suppressed by drugs and alcohol T or F | true
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| inspiration sent through what nerve; controls what muscle | phrenic nerve-diaphragm
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| inspriation sent through another nerve; controls what muscle | intercostal nerves-intercostal muscle
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| modifications of basic rhytm occurs where | centers in the pons
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| what is the most important chemical factor affecting ventilation | PCO2
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| what is normal pco2 | 40 mmHg
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| where are PCO2 levels monitored | chemoreceptors in the medulla
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| H+ions can or cannot pass directly from the blood to the CSF | cannot
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| increase in PCO2 causes an increase or decrease in breathing and is CO2 in the blod increased is pH decreased or increased | increaes breathing and Co2 in the blood is removed so decreases pH increases
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| what is hyperventilation and what happens during it | excessive ventilation; PCO2 lower and increases pH. usually caused by anxiety
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| symptoms of hyperventiation treatment | tingling hands/feet and muscle spasm. treatment-breathe into paper bag which increases the PCO2
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| the PO2 must drop below how much before O2 becomes a major stimulus for ventilation | 60 mmHg or 90% sat
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| decreased pH caues | increase in ventilation
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| PO2 is most important in controlling ventiation when sat is less than | 90% or PO2 is less than 60 mmHg
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| during exercise, ventilation can increase 20 fold but PO2 PCO2 and Ph remain normal true or False | true
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| low to high altitude-low PO2 results in | acclimatiation
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| acclimatization | O2 sat decreases, low PO2, ventilation increases, Hb and HCt increase due to increase in erythropoietin
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| what does COPD stand for | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease
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| COPD >80% caused by | smoking
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| COPD what is it | decreased ability to force air out of lungs
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| what is dyspnea | difficulty breathing
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| cOPD victims experience increase in PCO2 and decrease in pH hypoxemia nd hypoventilation | true
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| emphysema and chronic bronchitis from COPD either or or both? | most patients have a mixture of both
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| what causes emphysema | breakdown of alveolar walls decrease in surface area
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| emphysema symptoms | lose weight due to increase energy and breathing; barrel chest, bronchioles collapse during expiration.
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| chronic bronchitis is what | inflammation of the airway mucosa with increased mucous production increased resistance and increased frequency of infection
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| asthma is what | inflammation of the airway mucosa allergic in origin
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| lung cancer | leading cause of cancer death 90% due to smoking and most arise from epithelium of resp mucosa or submucosal glands
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| rapid breathing is called | tachypnea
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| with age the thoracic wall becomes more rigid lungs lose elasticity and vital capacity decreaes t or f | true
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|
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