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exam3 RespSYS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| breathing consists of what 2 things | inspiration and expiration |
| resp pressure is stated in terms of what kind of pressure. what is this number? | atmospheric pressure...760mmHg |
| positive pressures are lower and negative pressures are highter. T or F? | False. positive pressures are higher and negative pressures are lower |
| what is intrapulmonary pressure? | pressure in the alveoli |
| pressure in the alveoli is called what? | intrapulmonary pressure |
| pressure in the pleural space is called what? | intrapleural pressure |
| what is intrapleural pressure? | pressure in the pleural space |
| intrapleural pressure is usally how much lower than intrapulmonary pressure | 4 mmHg |
| intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure. T or F | false..intrapleural pressure is lower |
| why or how is intrapleural pressure lower than intrapulmonary pressure | due to elasticity of the lung and surface tension of the alveoli |
| pleural fluid is reabsorbed or secreted? | reabsorbed |
| pleural fluid is reabsorbed by what? | the lymphatics |
| the lymphatics reabsorb what? | pleural fluid |
| collapse of the alveoli is called what? | atelectasis |
| what is atelectasis | collapse of the alveoli |
| collapse of the alveoli-aka atelectasis is cause by several things. T or F | TRUE |
| what is it called when there is an opening in the pleura and air in the pleural space causing the lung to collapse | pneumothorax |
| what is pneumothorax | opening in the pleural and air in the pleural space. causes the lungs to collapse |
| T or F...the air in the pleural space of the left lung lung causes the right lung to collapse | false-R and l are separate pleural spaces |
| does volume cause pressure change and movement of air? | yes |
| what causes movement of air | volume change and pressure change |
| pressure is directly related to volume T or F | F it is conversely related |
| When volume increase pressure.... and when volume decreases pressure... | When volume increase pressure decreases and when volume decreases pressure increases |
| diaphragm moves inferior and external intercostals elevate and pull the ribs superiorly during what? | quiet inspiration |
| diaphragm moves inferior and external intercostals elevate and pull the ribs superiorly causing a increase or decrease in thoracic volume? | increase |
| quiet inspiration causes intrapulmonary pressure to increase or decrease as air moves in? | decrease |
| accessory muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid are used during | deep inspiration |
| deep inspiration involves what? | accesory muscles such as sternocleidomastoid |
| quiet inspiration involves what? | diaphragm and external intercostal muscles |
| quiet expiration involves what? | nothing...completely passive no energy required |
| what happens during quiet expiration? | diaphragm moves up, ribs drop, volume decreases, pressure increases, air moves out |
| why is quiet expiration passive | due to elasticity of lungs |
| forced expiration involves what? | internal intercostals -ribs move down sternum inward. abdominal muscles increase. |
| during forced expiration do the abdominal muscles increase or decrease? | increase |
| during focred expiration do the ribs move down or up via? | down via internal intercostals |
| during quiet expiration does the diaphragm move up or down | up |
| during quiet expiration do the ribs go up or down? | down |
| during quiet expiration does pressure increase or decrease | increase |
| forced expiration is an active process whereas quiet expiration is not T or F | true |
| forced expiration requires energy but quiet expiration does not. T or F | true |
| in an ashtma patient they use what kind of breathing most of the time | forced expiration |
| asthma patients use their accessory muscles to exhale like a normal person in deep inspiration T or F | true |
| air flow is measured in what unit | L/min |
| is air flow inversely or directly related to the pressure difference between the atmosphere and the alveoli? | directly |
| air flow is directly related to | the pressure difference btween the atmosphere and the alveoli |
| air flow is inversely related to | the airway resistance |
| air flow is directly or inversely related to the airway resistance | inversely |
| increase resistance= flow; decreased resistance= flow | increase resistance=decreased flow; decreased resistance increased flow |
| how is airway resistance determined | by the diameter of the airways |
| histamine causes bronchio constriction or dilation? | constriction |
| epinephrine causes broncho constriction or dilation? | dilation |
| smooth muscle of bronchioles responds to ANS and to local chemicals T or F | true |
| surface tension shows how strong the moleucles of a liquid are attracted to one another T or F | true |
| increase in surface tension is an increase or decrease in compliance? | decrease |
| alveolar suface tension tries to do what to the alveoli | make them smaller |
| pure water has high or low surface tension | high |
| what is surfactant | decreases surface tension-detergent-like made by cells in the alveoli |
| detergent like substance made by cells in the alveoli and decreases surface tension | surfactant |
| decrease in surface tension makes the lungs easier to expand t or F | true |
| surfactatnt makes lungs harder to expand T or F | False-makes it easier to expand |
| easier to expand equals hih or low compliance | high |
| what does IRDS stand for? | Infant Respiratory distress syndrome |
| what is IRDS? | alveolar collapse in premature babies due to inadequate surfactant production |
| alveolar collapse in premature babies due to inadequate surfactant production is called what? | IRDS-Infant Respiratory distress syndrome |
| what is compliance | degree of volume increase which occurs with a given increase in pressure |
| degree of volume increase which occurs with a given increase in pressure is called what/ | compliance |
| compliance is the degree of volume decrease with a increase in pressure T or F | False-volume increase and volume pressure |
| what can decrease compliance? | lung fibrosis-scar tissue |
| what is lung fibrosis | scar tissue in the lung |
| scar tissue in the lung is called what | lung fibrosis |
| does lung fibrosis increase or decrease compliance | decrease |
| the higher the compliance the increased energy needed to breath T or F | False...the lower the compliance the increased energy required to breathe |
| if you are running from a bear...do your bronchiles dilate or constrict? arterioles? | bronchioles dilate-sympathetic...arterioles constrict |
| no surfactant is high or low surface tension, high or low compliance and more or less energy to breathe | high surface tension, low compliance and more energy required to breathe |
| how do you calculate total compliance? | chest wall compliance plus lung compliance |
| does chest wall compliance increase or decrease with age? | decrease |
| what is tidal volume | air in and out during normal quiet breathing |
| air that moves in and out during normal breathing is called what | tidal volume |
| what is IRV | inspiratory reserve volume-add'l air that can be inspired after normal inspiration |
| what is ErV | expiratory reserve volume-add'l air that can be expired after normal expiration |
| expiratory reserve volume-add'l air that can be expired after normal expiration | ERV-expiratory reserve volume |
| inspiratory reserve volume-add'l air that can be inspired after normal inspiration | IRV-inspiratory reserve volume |
| what is Rv | risidual volume-air left w/in the lungs after maximum expiration |
| average amount of residual air is what amount? | about 1 liter |
| risidual volume is what | air left w/in the lungs after maximum expiration |
| what is FRc | functional residual capacity=RV+vC |
| Rv+vc= | FRC |
| vital capacity is what | total exchangable air ErV+TV+IRv |
| ErV+TV+IRv=what | vital capacity |
| total lung capacity is what | rv+VC |
| rv+VC= | total lung capacity TLC |
| the volume of the conducting zone is called what | anatomical dead space |
| what is anatomical dead space | the volume of the conducting zone 150 ml the total of tV minus 150 is the amount used for gas exchange ex. 500-150=350 |
| pulmonary function tests are measured by a | spirometer |
| what is a spirometer | measures PFT's or pulmonary function tests-measures lung capacities and volumes |
| measures lung capacities and volumes | spirometer |
| increased airway resistance in | athma COPD...obstructive pulmonary disease |
| asthma is an obstructive pulmonary disease t or f | true |
| what is obstructive pulmonary disease | increased airway resistance |
| what is restrictive pulmonary disease | decreased vital capacity |
| decreased vital capacity is called | restrictive pulmonary disease |
| one example of restrictive pulmonary disease | pulmonary fibrosis |
| TV times resp rate is called what | minute ventilation |
| minute ventilation is what | TV times resp rate |
| forced vital capacity FVC is what | VC when exhaled rapidly as possible |
| VC exhaled as fast as possible is called what | FVC Forced vital capacity |
| FEV1 is what | forced expiratory volume 1 second-amount of air exhaled in the 1st second of a forced expiration normal is 80% |
| normal FEV1 | 80% |
| air exhaled in the 1st second of a focred expiration is what | FEV1-forced expiratory volume |
| the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each individual gas in the mixture true or F | True |
| the pressure of each gas is called | partial pressure |
| partial pressure is proportional to what | percentage of that gas in the mixture |
| O2 makes up what percent of the atmosphere no matter where you are | 21% |
| at sea level 760mmHG what is the parital pressure of O2? | 760 times 21%=160gass |
| in abq the partial pressure is lower T or F | true...625 times 21% is only 130 because atmospheric pressure in ABQ is less |
| when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, it will dissolve the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure | true |
| the concentration of the gas in the liquid is what? | the partial pressure of a gas dissolved in a liquid |
| T or F. If room air is in contact with water the PO2 in the air and in the water will be 160 mmHg after equilibrium has occured | true |
| if the partial pressure of a gas is higher in the air or water, the gas will diffuse from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached T or F | true example...CO2 bubbles out when opening a soda can high in PCO2 |
| at a specific pressure, the actual amount of gas dissolved dpends on the solubility of the gas T or F | true |
| at the same partial pressure what happens to CO2 and o2 | more CO2 than O2 is dissolved in water because CO2 is more soluble |
| Alveolar gas PO2 is what | 104 mmHg |
| alveolar gas has a lower PO2 a higher PCO2 and a higher PH20 than air due to gas exchange and humidification T or F | true |
| Venous PO2 is what | 40 mmHg |
| movement of O2 and Co2 influenced by what | partial pressure gradient and gas solubility...matching btwn ventilation of the alveoli and perfusion of the alveolar capillaries...thickness and surface area of resp membrane |
| venous PCO2 is what | 45 mmHg |
| alveolar PCO2 is what | 40 mmHg |
| the PO2 and PCO2 of the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries will be the same as that of the alveolar air T or F | true |
| what happens when the lung has low ventilation? what happens to the alveolar PO2 increases or decreases causing the arterioles to constrict or dilate increase or decrease blood flow | decreases ...constrict...decreases blood flow |
| alveolar PO2 increases do the arterioles constrict or dilate and does blood flow increase or decrease | dilate...increase |
| what is shunting | when blood passes through the capillaries of non-ventilated alveoli |
| when blood passes through the capillaries of non-ventilated alveoli is called what | shunting |
| what does shunting cause | pulmonary vein PO2 to be lower than alveoli PO2 |
| shunting causes pulm vein PO2 lower or higher than alveoli PO2 | lower |
| if the resp membrane is thicker, what happens to oxygen diffusion | it is slowed |
| if the resp membrane is thicker it can lead to what | hypoxia |
| if the resp membrane is thicker what happens to CO2? | no change because it is much more soluble |
| what is the total alveolar surface area | 90 m squared |
| what is loss of surface area or blockage of airways can lead to | hypoxia |
| emphysema is low or high surface area and causes what | low surface area and hypoxia |
| internal resp/tissues...CO2 and O2 are reversed from exp resp T or F | True |
| internal resp in the tissues what is PO2 in the arteries? in the tissues? | 100 mmHg ....40 mmHg |
| is oxygen soluble in water | no poorly soluble |
| what percent of oxygen is dissolved in plasma | 1.5 % |
| what percent of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin? | 98.5% |
| each Hb molecule has how many binding sites for oxygen? | 4 |
| oxygen is bound is called | oxyhemoglobin |
| what is oxyhemoglobin? | when oxygen is bound to hemoglobin |
| what is O2 saturation | the percentage of the total O2 binding sites occupied by oxygen |
| the percentage of the total O2 binding sites occupied by oxygen is called what | O2 saturation |
| what is the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve? | the relationship between teh PO2 and CO2 saturation |
| what is the realtionship between the PO2 and CO2 saturation called | the oxygen hemoglobin dissocation curve |
| at sea level arterial blood is what perecent saturated and has how much PO2 | 98% with 100 mmHg PO2 |
| ABQ arterial blood PO2 O2 sat is | PO2 abq is 80 mmHg and 95% O2 |
| Venous blood has an O2 sat of what percent | 75% |
| flat portion of the curve | large drops in PO2 small drops in O2..Hb loads O2 easily |
| large drops in PO2 small drops in O2..Hb loads O2 easily | flat portion of curve |
| steep portion of curve | small drops in Po2 and large drops in O2 Hb unloads O2 easily |
| small drops in Po2 and large drops in O2 Hb unloads O2 easily | steep portion of the curve |
| factors that weaken the Hb-O2 bond and help it unload O2 easily | more CO2 and H+ and higher temperature |
| what is hypoxia | low oxygen level in the tissues |
| low oxygen level in the tissues | hypoxia |
| low oxygen level in the blood | hypoxemia |
| what is hypoxemia | low oxygen level in the blood |
| what is cyanosis | blue coloration to skin and mucosa O2 sat is <75% |
| blue coloration to skin and mucosa O2 sat is <75% is called what | cyanosis |
| anemic hypoxia is | inadequate amt of functioing Hb in the blood such as severe anemia |
| inadequate amt of functioing Hb in the blood such as severe anemia is called what | anemic hypoxia |
| lack of blood flow such as shock is called what | ischemic hypoxia |
| what is ischemic hypoxia? | lack of blood flow such as shock |
| what is histotoxic hypoxia? | problems with cellular respiration |
| problems with cellular respiration is called what | histotoxic hypoxia |
| hypoxemic hypoxia is what | decreased O2 sat such as drowning and lung disease |
| decreased O2 sat such as drowning and lung disease is what | hypoxemic hypoxia |
| release O2 causes what to PCO2, PO2, pH, and temp? | increase PCO2 decrease PO2 decrease Ph and Increase temp |
| carbon dioxide in the blood how much is dissolved in plasma on Hb, and as bicarbonate what % | 7-10 plamsa, 20% Hb bound to globin, and 70% as bicarbomnate hco3- |
| carbonic acid dissociates to form H+ and HCO3 t of F | true |
| in the lungs HCO3-combines with H+ to produce | H2CO3 broken down to form CO2 and H20 |
| Co2=acid more CO2 in blood raises or lower the Ph | lowers the Ph |
| where is resp rhythm controlled | medulla |
| basic resp rhythm rate is how much | 12-15 breaths per minute |
| the respiratory centers of the medulla which control resp rhythm can be suppressed by drugs and alcohol T or F | true |
| inspiration sent through what nerve; controls what muscle | phrenic nerve-diaphragm |
| inspriation sent through another nerve; controls what muscle | intercostal nerves-intercostal muscle |
| modifications of basic rhytm occurs where | centers in the pons |
| what is the most important chemical factor affecting ventilation | PCO2 |
| what is normal pco2 | 40 mmHg |
| where are PCO2 levels monitored | chemoreceptors in the medulla |
| H+ions can or cannot pass directly from the blood to the CSF | cannot |
| increase in PCO2 causes an increase or decrease in breathing and is CO2 in the blod increased is pH decreased or increased | increaes breathing and Co2 in the blood is removed so decreases pH increases |
| what is hyperventilation and what happens during it | excessive ventilation; PCO2 lower and increases pH. usually caused by anxiety |
| symptoms of hyperventiation treatment | tingling hands/feet and muscle spasm. treatment-breathe into paper bag which increases the PCO2 |
| the PO2 must drop below how much before O2 becomes a major stimulus for ventilation | 60 mmHg or 90% sat |
| decreased pH caues | increase in ventilation |
| PO2 is most important in controlling ventiation when sat is less than | 90% or PO2 is less than 60 mmHg |
| during exercise, ventilation can increase 20 fold but PO2 PCO2 and Ph remain normal true or False | true |
| low to high altitude-low PO2 results in | acclimatiation |
| acclimatization | O2 sat decreases, low PO2, ventilation increases, Hb and HCt increase due to increase in erythropoietin |
| what does COPD stand for | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease |
| COPD >80% caused by | smoking |
| COPD what is it | decreased ability to force air out of lungs |
| what is dyspnea | difficulty breathing |
| cOPD victims experience increase in PCO2 and decrease in pH hypoxemia nd hypoventilation | true |
| emphysema and chronic bronchitis from COPD either or or both? | most patients have a mixture of both |
| what causes emphysema | breakdown of alveolar walls decrease in surface area |
| emphysema symptoms | lose weight due to increase energy and breathing; barrel chest, bronchioles collapse during expiration. |
| chronic bronchitis is what | inflammation of the airway mucosa with increased mucous production increased resistance and increased frequency of infection |
| asthma is what | inflammation of the airway mucosa allergic in origin |
| lung cancer | leading cause of cancer death 90% due to smoking and most arise from epithelium of resp mucosa or submucosal glands |
| rapid breathing is called | tachypnea |
| with age the thoracic wall becomes more rigid lungs lose elasticity and vital capacity decreaes t or f | true |
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