chapter 4
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| 4 types of tissues | epithelial(covers and lines), connective (connect and bind), muscular (movement), nervous (communication and control)
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| characteristics of epithelial tissue | tightly packed cells, specialized contacts bw cells, avascular, innervated, regenerate, specific size/surfaces
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| tight junctions/zona occludens | proteins bw 2 cells that SEALS space bw cells. completely attaches cell to neighbor. materials move through epithelial cells instead of between
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| adhering junctions/zona adherens | proteins bw 2 cells that keep cells from separating
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| desmosomes/macula adherens | proteins bw 2 cells that ANCHOR cells to basement membrane or reinforce stress points (button or snap, each cell contributes half)
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| gap junction | proteins bw 2 cells that form CHANNEL so that ions and small molecules can cross QUICKLY
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| basement membrane | network of protein fibers and carbs bw epithelial and connective tiss. regulates what enters or leaves. anchors epithelial
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| simple squamous | single layer of flat wide irregular shape (fried egg). allows rapid movement across surface.L in alveoli (lungs), in lumen of blood vessels, capillaries, heart chambers, serous body membranes
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| simple cuboidal | single layer cubic cells (as tall as wide) nucleus in center. F absorption and secretion. L thyroid follicles, kidney tubules, ducts of glands, surface of ovaries
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| simple columnar | single layer tall and narrow, nucleus lengthwise. F absorb and secrete (mucin). L digestive tract, bronchi and bronchioles (lungs), fallopian tubes (cilia move eggs)
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| stratified squamos | many layers of more squashed cells toward apical surface. F protection. L mouth esophagus vagina anus (non keratinized), skin (keratinized to waterproof and strengthen and protect)
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| stratified cuboidal | multiple layers of cube shaped cells. F: protection and secretion. L exocrine glands, some parts of male urethra
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| pseudostratified columnar | appears as many layers of columnar cells at diff heights, nucleus seen at different levels, can have goblet cells and cilia. F: protection & secretion of mucin. L respiratory tract, epididymis.
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| transitional | oval or dome shape at apical surface (if relaxed), can be binucleated. F stretch and relax. L urinary sys: ureters, bladder, urethra
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| microvilli | tiny cytoplasmic projections on apical surface of cells that increase surface area for secretion and absorption, brush border
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| cilia | cytoplasmic microtubule projections beat to move materials
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| connective tissue characteristics | specialized cells, usually not tightly packed, protein fibers, ground substance
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| collagen PF | 3 protein strands twisted, strong and stretch resistant. L tendons ligaments
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| reticular PF | BRANCH network of interwoven fibers for support framework
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| elastic PF | elastin can be stretched and then return to original shape (rubber band)
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| ground substance GS | bw cells and protein fibers, sometimes dense or liquid. forms extracellular matrix w protein fibers
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| areolar (loose CT) | abstract art. fibroblasts, wbc, all 3 PFs. F binds packs cushions around organs. L surrounds nerves, vessels, subcutaeneous layer. GS gel like liquid
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| adipose (loose CT) | marshmallows adipocytes packed together. PF few collagen. GS gel like. F protects cushions insulates stores energy. L around kidney, eyeballs, hypodermis, abdomen breast buttock
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| reticular (loose CT) | fibroblasts, reticular cells, wbc. PF reticular. GS gel like. F support framework. L tonsils, spleen, thymus, lymphatic system organs, lymph nodes
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| dense regular CT | fibroblasts. PF collagen tightly packed parallel. GS not much. avascular. F: strength and flexibility in ONE direction. L tendons ligaments. stacked lasagna noodels
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| dense irregular CT | fibroblasts. PFs collagen irregularly arranged (swirls). GS not much. F withstand tension in many directions. L dermis, periosteum, perichondrium, , organ capsules.
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| hyaline cartilage | glassy smooth, lacunae w chondrocytes. GS hard rubbery. F support, reduces friction, resists compression. L embryonic skeleton, nose, trachea, larynx, bronchi, costal. weak.
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| fibrocartilage | chondrocytes in lacunae. PFs wavy collagen. GS less firm than hyaline. f shock absorber resists compression. L intervertebral discs, pubic su=ymphysis, meniscus of knee joints.
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| elastic cartilage | chondrocytes in lacunae w web like mesh of elastic fibers. GS gel like. F: maintain structure and shape allows flex. L pinna of ear, epiglottis.
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| 4 types of body membranes | mucous (line spaces that comm w outside digestive urinary respiratory reproductive); serous (line ventral body cavities thoracic mediastinum and abdominopelvic and on top of organs); cutaneous (skin); synovial (outer edges of joints)
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| parietal membrane | serous membrane lines wall of ventral cavity. pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneum (abdominopelvic)
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| visceral membrane | lies ON ventral organs. pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneum (abdominopelvic)
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