BIO 202 Heart test
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Location of the heart in the body | mediastinum; anterior to vertebral column, posterior to sternum
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| Pulmonary circuit | right atrium-tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary arteries-lungs-pulmonary veins-left atrium
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| Systematic circuit | left atrium-bicuspid valve-left ventricle-aorta-body tissues-superior and inferior vena cava-right atrium
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| Double walled sac around the heart | Pericardium
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| 3 layers of the pericardium | fibrous layer, parietal layer, visceral layer
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| Separates the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium | pericardial cavity
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| Fibrous pericardium | connective tissue, outer fibrous sac around heart
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| Serous pericardium | parietal layer, visceral layer
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| Parietal layer of pericardium | internal surface of fibrous pericardium (cavity wall)
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| Visceral layer of pericardium | (Epicardium)lines the surface of the heart
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| Protects and anchors the heart and prevents overfilling of the heart with blood | Pericardium
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| Layer that coronary blood vessels travel through | Epicardium
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| Muscle layer of the heart | myocardium
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| Allows heart to work in a relatively friction free environment | Pericardium
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| Smooth lining for chambers of the heart, valves, and continuous lining of large blood vessels | Endocardium
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| Receive blood in the heart | Right and left atria
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| Pump blood into the arteries | right and left ventricles
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| Functional blood supply to the muscle itself | coronary circulation
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| Ensure blood delivery to the heart | collateral routes
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| Left coronary artery divides into: | anterior IV artery, circumflex artery
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| Right coronary artery divides into: | Posterior IV, marginal arteries
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| Supplies blood to IV septum and anterior wall of ventricle | Anterior IV artery
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| supplies left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle | circumflex artery
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| supplies posterior ventricle walls | posterior IV artery
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| supplies lateral right chambers | marginal artery
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| Coronary veins | Great cardiac, anterior cardiac, small cardiac, and middle cardiac
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| All coronary veins drain into: | Coronary sinus
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| Where does the coronary sinus empty | The right atrium
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| Take blood from the body to the heart | Veins
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| Take oxygenated blood to the heart | arteries
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| Prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract | AV valves
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| Right AV valve | 3 cusps; tricuspid valve
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| Left AV valve | 2 cusps; mitral, bicuspid valve
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| Anchor AV valves to papillary muscles | Chordae tendinae
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| lie between ventricle and aorta | Aortic semilunar valve
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| lie between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk | pulmonary semilunar valve
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| Prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles | semiular valves
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| Where do the atria receive blood from | superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
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| Remnant of foramen ovale | Fossa ovalis
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| Blood enters left atria from? | pulmonary veins
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| internal ridges of myocardium in the right atrium | pectinate muscles
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| Mark ventricular walls | papillary muscles and trabeculae carnae
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| Pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk | right ventricle
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| Pumps blood into the aorta | left ventricle
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| When the bicuspid valve is open, the papillary muscles are ____ | relaxed
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| When the atria contract, the AV valves are? | open
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| When the ventricles are relaxed, the AV valves are? | closed
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| What happens when the atria contract | blood flows from atria to ventricles
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| What happens to the ventricles when atria contract | They are relaxed and pressure drops
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| When the ventricles contract, the AV valves? | close
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| What causes the AV valves to close during ventricular contraction | papillary muscles contract and pull on chordae tendinae
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| What happens to the semilunar valves when ventricles contract | they remain open
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| What happens to pressure when ventricles contract | Pressure rises
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| How is blood prevented from flowing from ventricle back into atria | Papillary muscles contract and chordae tendinae tighten so valve flaps can't evert into atria
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| Striated, short, fat, branched, interconnected muscle | cardiac muscle
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| Cardiac muscle has that no other type of muscle has | Intercalated discs
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| Intercalated discs | anchor cardiac cells together and allow free passage of ions
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| Mitochondria in cardiac muscle | large to resist fatigue
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| Stimulates cardiac muscle | nerves and self-excitable cells
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| Makes electrical event longer in the heart muscle | Calcium
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| Contracts as a unit | cardiac muscle
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| Cardiac muscle contraction is similar to ______ contraction | skeletal muscle
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| What makes myocardial contraction different from skeletal contraction | action potential, calcium ions, and plateau
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| Action potential | long absolute refractory period
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| What does the action potential rely on | Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels
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| Prevents wave summation and tetany | absolute refractory period
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| Ensures the ventricles contract long enough to eject blood | plateau
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| What happens before rapid depolarization | Na+ channels open
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| Required rest between electrical impulses | Absolute refractory period
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| What happens before repolarization occurs | Na+ channels close, Ca2+ channels open, K+ channels open, Ca2+ channels close
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| Internal system of the heart | intrinsic conduction system
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| Cardiac cells that initiate and distribute impulses to ensure orderly depolarization | nodal cells
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| Pacemaker potential | cell always fires on its own
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| What sets up depolarization | Na+ leaks into the cell
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| Each depolarization=? | one heart beat
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| Pacemaker that initiates heartbeat | Sinoatrial (SA) node
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| Electrical gateway to ventricles | Atrioventricular (AV) node
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| Delays the impulse by .1 second | AV node
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| Impulses pass from atria to ventricles via _____ | Atrioventricular bundle
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| Av bundle splits into 2 pathways in interventricular septum: | bundle branches
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| Carry impulse toward apex of heart | bundle branches
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| carry impulse to heart apex and ventricular walls | Purkinje fibers
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| Happens to get muscle contractions | cardiac intrinsic conduction
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| all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified, and recorded by electrodes | ECG
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| Sets the sinus rhythm | SA node
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| Records electrical activity of the heart | ECG
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| QRS complex=? | one heartbeat
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| P wave | SA node fires, atrial depolarization, Atria contract
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| Initiated by SA node firing | P wave
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| Ventricles repolarize at apex and relaz | T wave
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| Reach apex of heart at wave __ | Q
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| QRS complex | AV node fires, ventricular depolarization, ventricular systole (atrial repolarization and distole)
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| Striated, short, fat, branched, interconnected muscle | cardiac muscle
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| Cardiac muscle has that no other type of muscle has | Intercalated discs
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| Intercalated discs | anchor cardiac cells together and allow free passage of ions
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| Mitochondria in cardiac muscle | large to resist fatigue
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| Stimulates cardiac muscle | nerves and self-excitable cells
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| Makes electrical event longer in the heart muscle | Calcium
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| Contracts as a unit | cardiac muscle
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| Cardiac muscle contraction is similar to ______ contraction | skeletal muscle
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| What makes myocardial contraction different from skeletal contraction | action potential, calcium ions, and plateau
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| Action potential | long absolute refractory period
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| What does the action potential rely on | Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels
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| Prevents wave summation and tetany | absolute refractory period
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| Ensures the ventricles contract long enough to eject blood | plateau
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| What happens before rapid depolarization | Na+ channels open
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| Required rest between electrical impulses | Absolute refractory period
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| What happens before repolarization occurs | Na+ channels close, Ca2+ channels open, K+ channels open, Ca2+ channels close
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| Internal system of the heart | intrinsic conduction system
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| Cardiac cells that initiate and distribute impulses to ensure orderly depolarization | nodal cells
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| Pacemaker potential | cell always fires on its own
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| What sets up depolarization | Na+ leaks into the cell
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| Each depolarization=? | one heart beat
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| Pacemaker that initiates heartbeat | Sinoatrial (SA) node
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| Electrical gateway to ventricles | Atrioventricular (AV) node
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| Delays the impulse by .1 second | AV node
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| Impulses pass from atria to ventricles via _____ | Atrioventricular bundle
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| Av bundle splits into 2 pathways in interventricular septum: | bundle branches
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| Carry impulse toward apex of heart | bundle branches
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| carry impulse to heart apex and ventricular walls | Purkinje fibers
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| Happens to get muscle contractions | cardiac intrinsic conduction
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| all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified, and recorded by electrodes | ECG
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| Sets the sinus rhythm | SA node
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| Records electrical activity of the heart | ECG
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| QRS complex=? | one heartbeat
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| P wave | SA node fires, atrial depolarization, Atria contract
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| Initiated by SA node firing | P wave
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| Ventricles repolarize at apex and relaz | T wave
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| Reach apex of heart at wave __ | Q
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| QRS complex | AV node fires, ventricular depolarization, ventricular systole (atrial repolarization and distole)
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| When does atria contraction occur | P-Q segment
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| When does ventricular contraction occur | S-T segment
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| Where do the ventricles begin to depolarize | Apex
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| Auscultation | listening to valve function
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| Contraction of heart muscle is also called: | Systole
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| Relaxation of heart muscle is also called: | Diastole
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| First sound of heart sounds | AV valves close
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| Signifies beginning of systole | AV valves close
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| Second sound of heart sounds | SL valves close
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| Beginning of ventricular diastole | SL valves close
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| All events associated with blood flow through the heart | Cardiac cycle
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| During atrial systole, ventricle is ____ | diastole
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| Phase of the cardiac cycle where atria contract | ventricular filling
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| Phase of cardiac cycle | j
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| Phase of cardiac cycle where heart pressure is low and AV valves are open | Ventricular filling
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| Blood enters atria and flows into ventricles, then atrial systole occurs | Ventricular filling
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| Another name for isovolumetric contraction | ventricular systole
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| Tension and pressure build during what phase of the cardiac cycle | Ventricular systole
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| Phase of the cardiac cycle that opens the semilunar vavles | Ventricular ejection
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| What phase of the cardiac cycle do atria relax | Ventricular systole
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| During what phase of the cardiac cycle is blood moving/flowing | Ventricular ejection
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| Early diastole, where ventricles relax | Isovolumetric relaxation
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| Phases of the cardiac cycle | ventricular filling, ventricular systole (contraction), ventricular ejectoin, isovolumetric relaxation
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| Relaxed ventricle volume (blood occupying the relaxed ventricles) | EDV
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| Blood remaining in each ventricle after systole | ESV
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| Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute | cardiac output
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| The amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat | Stroke volume (SV)
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| End diastolic volume (EDV) - end systolic volume (ESV) | SV
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| Heart rate x stroke volume | cardiac output
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| Difference between resting and maximal CO | cardiac reserve
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| Unbalanced ventricular output can lead to: | pulmonary edema (fluid in lungs)
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| Amount ventricles are stretched by blood before they contract | preload
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| Increased preload causes ____ contraction strength | increased
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| Contraction force for a given preload (the strength of the heart) | Contractility
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| Achieving big EDV | Preload
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| Increases stroke volume | preload and contraction force
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| Decreases stroke volume | afterload
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| Back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart | Afterload
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| Detect changes in physical activity and feedback to medulla and adjust heart rate to what's appropriate | Proprioceptors
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| Sense pressure in aorta and send real-time signals to cardiac center | Baroreceptors
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| Sense blood pH, CO2, and O2 | Chemoreceptors
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| Stimulates the heart | cardioacceleratory center of the medulla
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| Inhibits the heart | cardioinhibitory center of medulla
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| Stimulates the vagus nerve | cardioinhibitory center
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| Sympathetic center in medulla | cardioacceleratory center
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| increase in contractility comes from: | positive inotropic factors
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| Increase in contractile strength, independent of stretch and EDV | contractility
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| Negative inotropic factors | increased extracellular K+, calcium channel blockers
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| Positive inotropic factors | epinephrine, glucagon, thyroxine; Ca2+, some drugs
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| Effect of epinephrine and thyroxine on contraction force | Makes harder contractions
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| Determines heart rate | rate of depolarization in autorhythmic cells
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| Slows heart rate | Parasympathetic innervation
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| Makes heart rate faster | Sympathetic innervation/ epinephrine
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| Determines stroke volume | force of contraction in ventricular myocardium
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| Influences stroke volume | contractility, length-tension relationship of muscle fibers
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| Congestive heart failure | pumping efficiency is so low that blood circulation can't meet the needs of tissue
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| Opening connecting the two atria to bypass pulmonary circuit | foramen ovale
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| Becomes fossa ovalis in an adult | Foramen ovalis
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| Connects aorta and pulmonary trunk | Ductus arteriosus
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| Becomes ligamentum arteriosum in adult | ductus arteriosus
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| Three major types of vessels | arteries, capillaries, veins
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| Carry blood away from the heart | arteries
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| Carry blood toward the heart | veins
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| Contact tissue cells and serve cellular needs | Capillaries
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| Arteries that feed directly into capillary beds | Arterioles
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| Three tunics of arteries and veins | tunica intima/interna, media, externa
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| Central blood containing space | Lumen
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| Vessels composed of one layer | capillaries (endothelium)
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| Tunica that is an endothelial layer lining lumen | Tunica inerna
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| Tunica that is a smooth muscle and elastic fiber layer | Tunica media
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| Tunica that reduces friction | Tunica interna
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| Controls vasoconstriction/dilation of vessels | Tunica media
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| Tunica regulated by sympathetic nervous system | Tunica media
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| Tunica that is collagen fibers | Tunica externa
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| Strengthens blood vessels and prevents blood pressure from rupturing them | Tunica media
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| Protect and reinforce vessels | tunica externa
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| Anchors vessels and provides passage for small nerves and lymphatic vessels | Tunica externa
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| Thick media and no vavles | Arteries
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| Contains valves and has large lumen | vessels
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| Most of the blood in the body is in the ____ at any given time | Veins
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| Capacitance vessels | veins
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| Conduct blood to big regions of the body | elastic (conducting) arteries
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| Thick-walled arteries near the heart | elastic arteries
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| Why are arteries sometimes called resistance vessels | They have relatively strong, resilient tissue structure that resists high blood pressure
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| Vessels that resist high blood pressure | arteries
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| Resistance vessels | arteries
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| Deliver blood to body organs | Muscular arteries
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| Thich tunica media with more smooth muscle and active in vasosconstriction | Muscular arteries
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| Muscular arteries branch into: | arterioles
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| Smallest arteries that lead to capillary beds | arterioles
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| Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation/constriction | arterioles
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| The smallest blood vessels | capillaries
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| Walls consisting of thin tunica interna one cell thick | capillaries
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| Stabilize capilarry walls and can contract to regulate blood flow | Pericytes
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| Diffuse easily through capillaries | lipid soluble substances (steroid hormones, O2, CO2
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| 3 structural types of capillaries: |
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| Filtrated out of capilarries | O2, H2O, glucose, electrolytes, hormoens
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| Reabsorbed into capillaries | CO2, metabolic waste, H2O, hormones
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| Capillaries that are abundant in skin and muscles | Continuous capillaries
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| Found wherever active capillary absorption or filtration occurs | Fenestrated capillaries
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| Where are fenestrated capillaries located | Small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys
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| Fenestrated capillaries in small intestines | absorb lots of nutrients
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| Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine glands | taking/giving hormones
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| Fenestrated capillaries in kidneys | filter blood/reabsorption
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| Characterized by an endothelium riddled with pores | Fenestrated capillaries
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| Highly modified, leaky capillaries | Sinusoids
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| Capillaries with large lumens | Sinusoids
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| Capillaries found in liver,bone marrow, spleen, lymphoid tissue, and some endocrine organs | Sinusoids
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| Capillaries that allow large molecules to pass between blood | Sinusoids
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| Capillaries where blood flows sluggishly | Sinusoids
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| Cuff of smooth muscle that surrounds each true capillary | Precapillary sphincter
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| Regulates blood flow into the capillary | Precapillary sphincter
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| Capacitance vessels | veins
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| Vessels with a greater capacity for blood containment | Veins
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| Vessels with then walls and less muscular and elastic tissue | Veins
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| Vessels with steady blood flow | Veins
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| Vessels with relatively low blood pressure | veins
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| Where is blood pressure the lowest | superior vena cava
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| Formed when venules converge | Veins
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| Circulatory route | heart-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins
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| Blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart | Portal system
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| The point where 1 blood vessels merge | Anastomoses
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| Blood flow = ? | CO in vessels
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| Most important to influence blood pressure | resistance in valves
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| Blood flow is directly proportional to? | difference in blood pressure between 2 different points in circulation
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| Force per unit are exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood | Blood pressure
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| Provides driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas | differences in BP within vascular system
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| Blood pressure is extremely high in: | aorta
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| 3 important sources of resistance | blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, and vessel radius
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| Most powerful influence over blood flow | Vessel radius
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| Major determinants of peripheral resistance | small-diameter arterioles
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| Pressure results when? | flow is opposed by resistance
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| Systematic pressure is highest in: | aorta
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| Steepest change in blood pressure occurs in: | arterioles
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| Arteriole blood pressure reflects 2 factors of arteries close to heart: | elasticity and amount of blood forced into them
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| Pressure exerted on arterial walls during ventricular contraction | systolic pressure
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| diastolic pressure | pressure remaining in vessels
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| Pressure sensitive to peripheral resistance | diastolic pressure
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| Blood pressure that is steady and changes little during the cardiac cycle | Venous BP
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| Pressure changes created during breathing | respiratory pump
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| Required to maintain blood pressure | cooperation of heart, vessels, and kidneys; supervision of the brain
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| Main factors influencing blood pressure | CO, PR, BV
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| Blood pressure = ? | CO x PR
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| 2 things that determine CO | venous return, neural and hormonal controls
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| Resting heart rate controlled by | cardioinhibitory center via vagus nerves
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| Stroke volume controlled by | venous return
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| Increases heart rate and stroke volume under stress | cardioacceleratory center
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| 3 short term controls of blood pressure | local, neural, hormonal
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| Long term control of blood pressure | regulate blood volume
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| Ability of tissues to regulate their own blood supply | Autoregulation
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| What happens to vessles when wastes are removed | they constrict
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| If blood supply is cut off and then restored blood flow... | increases above normal
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| Reactive hyperemia | blood flow cut off then restored, BF increases above normal
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| Angiogenesis | growth of new blood vessels
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| Local control of BP: | autoregulation, reactive hyperemia, angiogenesis
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| Neural control of BP: | CNS and ANS; medulla oblongata
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| Exerts sympathetic control over blood vessels throughout body | vasomotor center of Medulla oblongata
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| Stimulates most vessles to constrict | medulla oblongata
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| Dilates vessels in skeletal and cardiac muscle to meet demands of exercise | medulla oblongata
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| Increased blood pressure causes ___ baroreceptor signals | increased
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| Baroreceptors stimulate cardioinhibitory center to cause: | vasodilation, decrease HR, CO, PR, BP, decrease sympathetic tone
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| Decreased BP stimulates cardioacceleratory center to: | increase CO and PR, increase sympathetic tone and vasoconstriction
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| Epinephrine and norepihephrine on lood pressure | increase short term
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| Hormone that increases blood pressure long term | Aldosterone
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| Promotes water retention and raises BP | ADH
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| Generates angiotensin II | release of renin from kidneys
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| Hormonea that cause vasoconstriction | Angiotensin II, ADH
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| Hormones that increase BP | ADH, AG2, Aldosterone, epinephrine
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| Chemicals that decrease BP | ANP, NO, inflammatory chemicals, alcohol
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| Antagonist to aldosterone that decreases BP | ANP
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| Increases urinary sodium excretion to cause BV and pressure to decline | ANP
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| Chemical that is a brief but potent vasodilator | NO
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| Inhibits ADH and causes BP to drop | alcohol
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| Adapt to chronic high or low BP | baroreceptors
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