Pelvis and perineum
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| 1. What separates the pelvis from the perineum? | Pelvic diaphragm
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| 2. What muscles make up the urogenital diaphragm? | Deep transverse perineal muscles
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| 3. What muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm floor? | 1. Puborectalis
2. Pubococcygeus
3. Iliococcygeus
4.Coccygeus
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| 4. Internal female genital organs | 1. Ovaries
2. fallopian tubes
3. Uterus
4.vagina
5.located in the lesser pelvis
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| 5. External female genital organs | 1. labia major
2. labia minor
3. Clitoris
4. vestibule of vagina
5. located in perineum
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| 6. What is smegma? | cheesy, oily substance that can be found in penis of uncircumcised men, carcinogenic to the cervix
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| 7. What is the sheath of the peritoneum of the uterus called? | broad ligament of the uterus
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| 8. What attaches the ovaries to the uterus? | Ovarian ligament
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| 9. What attaches the ovaries to the abdominal wall? | Suspensory ligament
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| 10. What anchors the uterus in place? | round ligament
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| 11. What type of epithelium is found in the uterus? | simple high columnar
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| 12. What is laminarium? | a plant that is stuck up in the cervix, it absorbs water and gradually dilates the cervix – abortion
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| 13. What can cause habitual abortions? | incompetent internal os
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| 14. What surgery is done to fix this problem? | shirodka/Mcdonald- the cervix until about the 7th month of pregnancy
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| 15. Blood supply of uterus: | 1. Uterine artery
2. Ovarian artery
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| 16. What are leiomyomas/fibroids? | 1. Benign tumors that are sensitive to estrogen
2. Cause intermenstral bleeding
3. Makes vaginal delivery difficult
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| 17. What is a pap smear? | 1. Cervical examination
2. Used to detect cervical cancer
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| 18. What orientation does the uterus have? | 90 degrees antiflexion from bladder
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| 19. What is a uterine prolapse? | uterus bulges into the vagina- round ligament stretched
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| 20. What sheds during menstruation? | Endometrium (functional layer- basal always stays)
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| 21. Phase 1 and characteristic of menstrual cycle: desquamation and regeneration | 1. days 1-4
2. Increase estrogen
3. Progesterone disappears
4. Wound heals
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| 22. Phase 2 and characteristic of menstrual cycle: Proliferation | 1. days 5-15
2. ovulation (egg release) day 13 or 14
3. controlled by estrogen
4. functional layer grows
5. glands enlarged
6. spiral arteries form
7. temperature rises
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| 23. Phase 3 and characteristic of menstrual cycle: Secretion | 1. days 15-28
2. controlled by progesterone
3. arteries contract
4.ischemia follows (tissue dies?)
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| 24. What is the importance of the cilia in the Fallopian tube? | produce current for migration of egg and sperm
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| 25. Where is the typical site of fertilization? | ampulla
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| 26. What is an ectopic pregnancy? | 1. Implantation of fetus occurs in place other than uterus
2. Causes acute abdomen
3. typically leads to spontaneous abortion
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| 27. What is the parasympathetic innervations of the urinary bladder? | pelvic splanchnic N.
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| 28. What is the maximum volume the bladder can hold? | 700 ml
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| 29. What is the volume of urine that leads to the urge to urinate? | 350 ml
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| 30. Where does the urethra leave the bladder? | trigone
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| 31. Where do the ureters enter the bladder? | trigone
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| 32. What epithelium lines the bladder? | transitional
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| 33. What drains into the prostatic sinus? | prostatic secretion
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| 34. What is the ejaculatory duct? | vas deferens and seminal vesicles join
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| 35. What do the seminal vesicles secrete? | alkaline solution and fructose
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| 36. What innervates the deep transverse perineal muscle? | pudendal N.
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| 37. What gland (in male) is responsible for lubricating the urethra? | bulbourethral gland –cowper’s gland
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| 38. What is this gland called in the female? | Bartholin’s gland
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| 39. What is the most vulnerable portion of the male urethra? | membranous (because it is less mobile)
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| 40. Which primitive urogenital sinus develops in females? | Mullerian duct
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| 41. Which primitive urogenital sinus develops in males? | Wolffian duct
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| 42. What glands (in female) are homologous to prostate gland? | paraurethral glands
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| 43. Why is the female urinary tract more prone to infections? | shorter and closer to the anus
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| 44. What suspends the testis in the scrotum? | spermatic cord
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| 45. Pathway of sperm: | Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Nothing
Urethra
Penis
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| 46. What is the thermoregulator of the testis? | pampiniform venous plexus
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| 47. What is the blood supply to the testis? | testicular (gonadal) arteries
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| 48. What is the function of the Dartos fascia? | contraction causes scrotum to wrinkle (prevents heat loss)
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| 49. Where does the external spermatic fascia originate from? | external abdominal oblique m.
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| 50. Where does the cremaster muscle originate from? | internal abdominal oblique m.
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| 51. Where does the tunica vaginalis originate from? | peritoneum
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| 52. Where do the seminal vesicles open into to produce ejaculatory ducts? | ductus deferens (vas deferens)
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| 53. What is BPH? | 1. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
2. checked for through anus
3. leads to difficulty with urination
4. enlargement of the prostate
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| 54. Why are PSA levels checked? | Prostatic serum antigen- elevated levels - cancer
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| 55. What is the lowest part of the trunk? | perineum
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| 56. What is an erection controlled by? | parasympathetic system : S2- S4 dilation of the blood vessels
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| 57. What is emission controlled by? | sympathetic system L1-L2 – semen is delivered to the prostatic urethra
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| 58. What is ejaculation controlled by? | 1. sympathetic system L1-L2- close internal urethral sphincter
2. parasympathetic system – S2-S4- urethral muscle contraction 3. somatic system- pudendal n. (voluntary) – contraction of bulbospongiosus m.
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| 59. What controls the relaxation of the penis? | Sympathetic system L1-L2 – helicine arteries contract
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| 60. What is phimosis? | 1. prepuce of penis is too tight over glans and cannot be retracted
2. smegma causes irritation of gland
3. fixed with circumcision
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| 61. What is paraphimosis? | 1. retraction of the prepuce over the glans constricts the neck of the glans
2. interferes with blood supply
3. fixed with circumcision
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| 62. When is episiotomy performed? | in childbirth, when there is danger of the perineum tearing
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| 63. What is the border between the true and false pelvis? | pelvis aperture/brim/inlet
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| 64. What muscle is the pelvic diaphragm? | levator ani muscle
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| 63. Make sure to look at blood supply of pelvis (male vs. female): | pg. 300
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| 65. Are the ovaries covered by the peritoneum? | no
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| 66. What does the suspensory ligament of the ovaries contain? | the ovarian artery and vein
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| 67. In whom is the peritoneal cavity closed? | males
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| 68. What does a closed peritoneal cavity in females lead to? | 1. infertility
2. doglass pouch would catch an egg if the fimbriae miss the egg (invetrofertilization)
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| 69. What is a histerosalpingography? | 1. inject contrast medium in the vagina
2. should go all the way through the fallopian tubes and drip into the peritoneal cavity
3. done if infertility is an issue to verify the correctness of the reproductive system
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| 70. How many eggs does a woman have typically? | 1. 450
2. eggs frozen in meiosis 1 until fertilized
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| 71. What can a retroverted uterus cause? | 1. miscarriage (spontaneous abortions)
2. pain in intercourse
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| 72. What does Nullipara mean? | never having given birth
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| 73. What happens to the uterine muscles in pregnancy? | 1. Hyperplasia
2. hypertrophia –increase volume of muscles- stretch
3. regresses after birth of child
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| 74. What is the innervation of the uterus? | both sympathetic and parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic n. (S2-S4)
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| 75. What layer of the uterus is not shed? | basal layer
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| 76. What is salpingitis? | 1. also called PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)
2. Inflammation
3. infection (can be gonorrhea or clamydia)
4. occurs in fallopian tubes
5. may lead to loss of epithelium (which can interfere with fertilization)
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| 77. What are the 4 parts of the male urethra? | 1. Preprostatic
2. Prostatic
3. Membranous
4. spongy parts
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| 78. What are the characteristics of the prostatic urethra? | 1. most dilated
2. ends where urethra is covered by external urethral sphincter
3. has urethral crest
4. has prostatic sinus (prostatic ductules open into here)
5. 4 cm long
6. location is inside prostate
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| 79. Cross section of penis | look at picture.********
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| 80. What is the prostatic utricle? | Blind opening – remnant of female genital organ
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| 81. What controls the external sphincter of the bladder? | pudendal nerve (voluntary)- Most of the pelvis- when in doubt- choose this one
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| 82. What is the innervation of the testis? | 1. sympathetic: T7 greater splanchnic N.
2. parasympathetic: vagus nerve
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| 83. Where do the lymphatics of the testis/scrotum drain? | 1. testis: preaortic and lumbar lymph nodes
2. scrotum: superficial inguinal lymph nodes
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| 84. What is the dilation of the Vas deferens called (right before it joins the duct of the seminal vesicle)? | ampulla of vas deferens
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| 85. What do you tie in the male to prevent fertilization? | vas deferens
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| 86. What is the largest accessory gland of the male? | prostate
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| 87. Describe the secretion of the prostate: | 1. Acidic
2. proteases- breaks down protein
3. citric acid
4. Spermine
5. Spermidine
6. prostaglandins
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| 88. What plexuses does the prostatic venous plexus communicate with? | 1. vesical and venous plexus
2. internal vertebral venous plexus
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| 89. Describe the different types of fluid collection in the testis: | 1. hydrocele: fluid/water- pink when light is shinned on it
2. hematocele:blood (painful)- red when light is shinned on it
3. spermatocele: fluid containing spermatozoa (sometimes painful)- between testis and epidiymis
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| 90. Where is the perineum? | between ischial tuberosities, extending from pubic symphysis to the coccyx bone
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| 91. What innervates all the perineal muscles? | pudendal nerve
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| 92. What does contraction of the bulbospongiosus m. during intercourse cause? | pain
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| 93. What is hypospadias? | 1. Congenital
2. external urethral orifice opens on ventral aspect of glans penis
3. because urogenital folds failed to fuse in embryonic life
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| 20. Whats not contained in the rectus sheath? | 1. Illiohypogastric N.
2. Illioinguinal N.)
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