Test 2
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| Dermis | Connective tissue; below epidermis
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| Stratum Basale | Deepest layer of epiderm; single cuboidal or columnar layer; basement membrane attaches to dermis; melanocyte production
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| stratum Spinosum | 8-10 layers many-sided cells; produce keratin fibers; form lamellar bodies
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| Stratum Granulosum | 2-5 layers of flat, diamond shaped cells; produces keratohyalin granules and lamellar bodies release lipids from cells (cell dead)
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| Stratum Lucideum | Only in thick skin; shiny; 3-5 layers; dispersion of keratohyalin around keratin
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| Stratum Corneum | 25+ layers dead squamous; water loss prevention; high keratin; sloughs off
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| Epidermis | 4/5 layers stratified squamous; outermost portion of skin; barrier and Vit D production
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| Papillary Layer | Loose CT; bring blood vessels close to epiderm; form foot and finger prints
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| Reticular Layer | Dense Irregular CT; elastin fibers and collagen;forms cleavage lines
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| Subcutaneous Tissue | Attaches dermis to underlying structures; fat tissue stores energy; blood vessels and nerves supply dermal layer
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| Hair Shaft | Part of hair that protrudes above the skin
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| Hair Root | Part of hair below the skin surface; composed of medulla, cortex, and cuticle
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| Arrector Pili | Smooth muscle; responsible for goose bumps
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| Sebaceous Gland | Alveolar glands; secrete oil; keep hair from drying
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| Merocrine Sweat Gland | Located all over body; secrete mostly water
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| Apocrine Sweat Gland | Concentrated in particular regions; secrete water, electrolytes, fatty acids, and organics; can be modified
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| Free Edge | Part of nail that protrudes
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| Nail Body | Pink area attached to skin underneath
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| Nail Fold | Where the edge of the nail meets the skin on the side of the finger
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| Lunula | White moon-shaped area at bed of nail
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| Eponychium | Cuticle
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| Nail Root | Underneath the skin where nail growth originates
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| Nail Matrix | At the end of nail root under the skin
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| Cancellous Bone | Evenly stands forces exerted on it; Trabeculae osteocytes in lacunae; matrix forms lamella rings; lacunae present in lamella
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| Compact Bone | Stands forces from single direction; matrix forms lamella rings, air pockets (lacunae) in lamella, osteon osteocytes in lacunae; large Central Haversian Canals in center
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| Diaphysis | Shaft of bone; primarily compact bone; major BC producer; marrow cavity found here
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| Epiphysis | End of bone; growth phase independent from diaphysis; primarily cancellous
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| Metaphysis | Portion between Dia and Epi; cartilagenous in children and adolescents
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| Periostem | CT that lines the outside of a bone; fibrous; high # BC; makes complete lining
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| Endostem | Inner lining covering only parts of the cavity; found in bones with hollow interior
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| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells that maintain matrix and are surrounded by bony matrix
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| Osteoblasts | Active in producing matrix; surrounds itself then matures into an osteocyte; found on outer region of osteon/trabecula; widens bone structure
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| Osteoclasts | Involved in breaking down bone matrix to release mineral components; important for maintenance; may lead to osteoporosis
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| Cartilage | CT; Hyalin serves as template for forming bones; collagen fibers add flexibility
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| Bone Matrix | Solid material of cartilage composed of collagen and proteoglycan
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| Proteoglycan | Mix of carbs and protiens (binds a lot of water)
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| Major Mineral Components of Bone | Hydroxy Apatite*, Calcium Phosphate, Calcium Hydroxide
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| Lacunae | Openings in the cartilage where chondrocytes (cart cells) are contained
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| Endochondral Ossification | Cart built first, then replaced by bone; most common ossification process
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| Intramembranous Ossification | Mesenchyme replaced directly by bone-no cart needed; found in cranium
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| Appositional Growth | Growth in diameter of a long bone; Osteoblasts build matrix around existing vessels
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| Fibrous Joint | 2 joints connected by fibrous tissue; no cavity; little/no movement
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| Suture | FJ of the skull bones; dense regular collagenous CT
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| Syndesmoses | FJ in which 2 bones are connected by ligaments; some movement
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| Gomphoses | FJ; 2 pegs held in place within a socket by FT
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| Cartilaginous Joint | A joint that unties 2 bones by means of hyaline or fibrocartilage
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| Synchondroses | CRJ; 2 bones joined by hyaline cart; little or no movement (ex:ilium, ischium, pubis)
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| Symphyses | CRJ; fibrocart unites 2 bones (ex:maubrium and body of sternum)
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| Synovial Joint | Freely moveable joints that contain a fluid in a cavity that surrounds the ends of the articulating bones
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| Fascia | Surrounds individual muscles/muscle groups
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| Epimysium | Dense collagenous CT that surrounds muscle; layer beneath fascia
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| Perimysium | CT that surrounds fasicle
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| Endomysium | CT that surrounds muscle fibers; reticular fibers
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| Myofibrils | Inside fibers; form during embryogenesis; 100's-1000's nuclei; composed of sarcomeres
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| Sarcomere | Extends from Z disc to Z disc in a myofibril
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| Sarcolemma | Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber;
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| Sarcoplasm | Cytoplasm without the myofibrils
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| Myofilaments | Actin and Myosin
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| Troponin | Attached along actin and has Ca++ binding cite; pulls Tropomyosin away from active cites on actin when Ca++ attaches to it
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| Tropomyosin | Covers active cites on actin; pulled away by troponin when Ca++ attaches to troponin
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| ATPase | Promotes breakdown of ATP; enables myosin to use ATP energy to bend head in contraction
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| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | SR of myofibril; stores Ca++
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| A Band | Extends from end to end of a myosin filament; does not shorten in contraction
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| H Zone | Shortens in contraction; area between myosin filaments
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| I Band | Overlaps Z disc and 2 connecting sarcomeres; shortens in contraction
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| Z Disc | Filamentous network of protein forming disc-like structures for the attachment of actin myofilaments
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| Chemically Gated Channel | A channel that can only be opened by means of a chemical (aceyltocholine)
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| Voltage Gated Channel | A channel that can only be opened by high (+) of Na
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| Action Potential | When voltage gated channel is opened, another opens after and so on; occurs rapidly over the entire phospholipid bilayer (includes T-tubules) When T-tubules depolarize, they interact with the SR to release Ca++
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| Temporal Summation | Repeated stimulation in a short time period; single neuron stimulating 1 myofibril; includes partial relaxation phase
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| Spatial Summation | Multiple neurons stimulating 1 myofibril
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| Incomplete Tetanus | Increased frequency of spatial summations; shorter relaxation phase
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| Complete Tetanus | No relaxation phase; as much tension as can be exerted; muscle length affects max tension
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| Fast Twitch Muscle Fiber | Relatively less myoglobin and mitochondria than slow twitch; quickly uses ATP; fatigues quickly; large fibers
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| Slow Twitch Muscle Fiber | More myoglobin and mitochondria; keeps going through aerobic resp; endurance; smaller fibers
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