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A&PI.2
Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dermis | Connective tissue; below epidermis |
| Stratum Basale | Deepest layer of epiderm; single cuboidal or columnar layer; basement membrane attaches to dermis; melanocyte production |
| stratum Spinosum | 8-10 layers many-sided cells; produce keratin fibers; form lamellar bodies |
| Stratum Granulosum | 2-5 layers of flat, diamond shaped cells; produces keratohyalin granules and lamellar bodies release lipids from cells (cell dead) |
| Stratum Lucideum | Only in thick skin; shiny; 3-5 layers; dispersion of keratohyalin around keratin |
| Stratum Corneum | 25+ layers dead squamous; water loss prevention; high keratin; sloughs off |
| Epidermis | 4/5 layers stratified squamous; outermost portion of skin; barrier and Vit D production |
| Papillary Layer | Loose CT; bring blood vessels close to epiderm; form foot and finger prints |
| Reticular Layer | Dense Irregular CT; elastin fibers and collagen;forms cleavage lines |
| Subcutaneous Tissue | Attaches dermis to underlying structures; fat tissue stores energy; blood vessels and nerves supply dermal layer |
| Hair Shaft | Part of hair that protrudes above the skin |
| Hair Root | Part of hair below the skin surface; composed of medulla, cortex, and cuticle |
| Arrector Pili | Smooth muscle; responsible for goose bumps |
| Sebaceous Gland | Alveolar glands; secrete oil; keep hair from drying |
| Merocrine Sweat Gland | Located all over body; secrete mostly water |
| Apocrine Sweat Gland | Concentrated in particular regions; secrete water, electrolytes, fatty acids, and organics; can be modified |
| Free Edge | Part of nail that protrudes |
| Nail Body | Pink area attached to skin underneath |
| Nail Fold | Where the edge of the nail meets the skin on the side of the finger |
| Lunula | White moon-shaped area at bed of nail |
| Eponychium | Cuticle |
| Nail Root | Underneath the skin where nail growth originates |
| Nail Matrix | At the end of nail root under the skin |
| Cancellous Bone | Evenly stands forces exerted on it; Trabeculae osteocytes in lacunae; matrix forms lamella rings; lacunae present in lamella |
| Compact Bone | Stands forces from single direction; matrix forms lamella rings, air pockets (lacunae) in lamella, osteon osteocytes in lacunae; large Central Haversian Canals in center |
| Diaphysis | Shaft of bone; primarily compact bone; major BC producer; marrow cavity found here |
| Epiphysis | End of bone; growth phase independent from diaphysis; primarily cancellous |
| Metaphysis | Portion between Dia and Epi; cartilagenous in children and adolescents |
| Periostem | CT that lines the outside of a bone; fibrous; high # BC; makes complete lining |
| Endostem | Inner lining covering only parts of the cavity; found in bones with hollow interior |
| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells that maintain matrix and are surrounded by bony matrix |
| Osteoblasts | Active in producing matrix; surrounds itself then matures into an osteocyte; found on outer region of osteon/trabecula; widens bone structure |
| Osteoclasts | Involved in breaking down bone matrix to release mineral components; important for maintenance; may lead to osteoporosis |
| Cartilage | CT; Hyalin serves as template for forming bones; collagen fibers add flexibility |
| Bone Matrix | Solid material of cartilage composed of collagen and proteoglycan |
| Proteoglycan | Mix of carbs and protiens (binds a lot of water) |
| Major Mineral Components of Bone | Hydroxy Apatite*, Calcium Phosphate, Calcium Hydroxide |
| Lacunae | Openings in the cartilage where chondrocytes (cart cells) are contained |
| Endochondral Ossification | Cart built first, then replaced by bone; most common ossification process |
| Intramembranous Ossification | Mesenchyme replaced directly by bone-no cart needed; found in cranium |
| Appositional Growth | Growth in diameter of a long bone; Osteoblasts build matrix around existing vessels |
| Fibrous Joint | 2 joints connected by fibrous tissue; no cavity; little/no movement |
| Suture | FJ of the skull bones; dense regular collagenous CT |
| Syndesmoses | FJ in which 2 bones are connected by ligaments; some movement |
| Gomphoses | FJ; 2 pegs held in place within a socket by FT |
| Cartilaginous Joint | A joint that unties 2 bones by means of hyaline or fibrocartilage |
| Synchondroses | CRJ; 2 bones joined by hyaline cart; little or no movement (ex:ilium, ischium, pubis) |
| Symphyses | CRJ; fibrocart unites 2 bones (ex:maubrium and body of sternum) |
| Synovial Joint | Freely moveable joints that contain a fluid in a cavity that surrounds the ends of the articulating bones |
| Fascia | Surrounds individual muscles/muscle groups |
| Epimysium | Dense collagenous CT that surrounds muscle; layer beneath fascia |
| Perimysium | CT that surrounds fasicle |
| Endomysium | CT that surrounds muscle fibers; reticular fibers |
| Myofibrils | Inside fibers; form during embryogenesis; 100's-1000's nuclei; composed of sarcomeres |
| Sarcomere | Extends from Z disc to Z disc in a myofibril |
| Sarcolemma | Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber; |
| Sarcoplasm | Cytoplasm without the myofibrils |
| Myofilaments | Actin and Myosin |
| Troponin | Attached along actin and has Ca++ binding cite; pulls Tropomyosin away from active cites on actin when Ca++ attaches to it |
| Tropomyosin | Covers active cites on actin; pulled away by troponin when Ca++ attaches to troponin |
| ATPase | Promotes breakdown of ATP; enables myosin to use ATP energy to bend head in contraction |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | SR of myofibril; stores Ca++ |
| A Band | Extends from end to end of a myosin filament; does not shorten in contraction |
| H Zone | Shortens in contraction; area between myosin filaments |
| I Band | Overlaps Z disc and 2 connecting sarcomeres; shortens in contraction |
| Z Disc | Filamentous network of protein forming disc-like structures for the attachment of actin myofilaments |
| Chemically Gated Channel | A channel that can only be opened by means of a chemical (aceyltocholine) |
| Voltage Gated Channel | A channel that can only be opened by high (+) of Na |
| Action Potential | When voltage gated channel is opened, another opens after and so on; occurs rapidly over the entire phospholipid bilayer (includes T-tubules) When T-tubules depolarize, they interact with the SR to release Ca++ |
| Temporal Summation | Repeated stimulation in a short time period; single neuron stimulating 1 myofibril; includes partial relaxation phase |
| Spatial Summation | Multiple neurons stimulating 1 myofibril |
| Incomplete Tetanus | Increased frequency of spatial summations; shorter relaxation phase |
| Complete Tetanus | No relaxation phase; as much tension as can be exerted; muscle length affects max tension |
| Fast Twitch Muscle Fiber | Relatively less myoglobin and mitochondria than slow twitch; quickly uses ATP; fatigues quickly; large fibers |
| Slow Twitch Muscle Fiber | More myoglobin and mitochondria; keeps going through aerobic resp; endurance; smaller fibers |
Created by:
claire_wilson1991
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