U2: Lower Limb
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| Bones of lower limb | femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
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| Femur (thigh bone) | only bone in thigh (not in anatomical leg); largest, longest, heaviest, strongest bone in the body. Has head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, gluteal tuberosity, medial and lateral epicondyles.
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| Head of femur | located on proximal end; articulates with acetabeulum of hip bone to form essence of hip joint.
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| Neck of femur | relatively narrow extension on which the head is located; weakest part of femur and is what breaks in a “broken hip;” especially susceptible to growing weaker in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
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| Greater and Lesser Trochanters of Femur | projections on proximal femur to which muscles attach
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| Gluteal tuberosity of femur | projection on posterior aspect of femur’s shaft where the gluteus maximus and muscle attaches.
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| Medial and lateral condyles of femur | wheel shaped projections on distal femur that articulate with the relatively flat medial and lateral condyles on the proximal tibia.
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| Medial and lateral epicondyles | bumps on distal femur to which the medial and lateral collateral ligaments attach.
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| Patella (kneecap) | bone located anteriorly to distal femur and proximal tibia; is enclosed in the quadriceps femoris tendon.
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| Tibia (shinbone) | medial, larger of 2 bones in anatomical leg;proximal end articulates w/ condyles on distal femur to form knee joint;distal end articulates w/ talus to form ankle joint. Medial & lateral condyles, tibial tuberosity, anterior/tibial crest, medial malleolus
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| Medial and lateral condyles of tibia | relatively flat parts on proximal tibia that articulate with the wheel-shaped condyles on the distal femur to help form the knee joint.
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| Tibial tuberosity | located on the anterior surface of the tibia , slightly distal to its condyles; this tuberosity serves as an attachment site for the patellar ligament
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| Anterior/tibial crest | sharp ridge on front of tibia that can be easily palpated (felt through skin); the tibialis anterior muscle is located immediately lateral to it
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| Medial malleolus | bump on distal tibia that forms the inner (medial) bulge of the ankle
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| Fibula | thinner more lateral of two leg bones; straight, thin, stick-like shape; does not bear weight; does not really contribute to formation of the knee joint; articulates distally with the talus; provides stability to the ankle joint. Has lateral malleolus.
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| Lateral malleolus of fibula | distal end of fibula; forms outer (lateral) bulge of ankle.
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| Tarsals | seven bones in each foot that form the tarsus (anatomical ankle). Has talus, calcaneus.
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| Talus | specific tarsal bone with which the distal ends of both the tibia and fibula articulate to form the ankle joint; lies between the distal tibia and calcaneus
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| Calcaneus | heel bone. Specific tarsal bone that forms heel and to which the Achilles/calcaneal tendon of the calf muscles attach; largest of tarsal bones
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| Metatarsals | five bones in each foot that form the instep
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| Phelanges of foot | 14 bones in the five toes of each foot; three in each toe except big toe which only has two. Anatomical name for big toe = hallux. Bunion is deformation of hallux due to poor fitting shoes.
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| Arches of the feet | provide foot with certain amt. of springiness (resilience); maintained by interlocking shapes of foot bones, ligaments that bind bones of the feet, and the tendons of muscles that attach to those bones
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