Vertebral/Spine
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| Vertebral Column/Spinal Column/Spine | 26 irregular shaped bones (vertebrae) joined & supported by ligaments and trunk muscles such that a flexible, curved structure results.
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| Major supporting ligaments of vertebral column/spinal column/spine | anterior & posterior longitudinal ligaments that run vertically along the anterior and posterior surfaces of the vertebral column.
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| 26 bones in vertebral column | 7 cervical vertebrae + 12 thoracic vertebrae + 5 lumbar vertebrae + 1 sacrum (consists of fused vertebrae) + 1 coccyx (usually four fused vertebrae) = 26 bones
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| intevertabral discs | separate vertebrae; cushion vertebrae by absorbing jolts; consists of outer fibrocartilage layer (anulus fibrosus) and an inner gelatinous core (nucleus pulposis). tend to lose water and the ligaments around them weaken = herniated discs
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| Abnormal spinal curvatures | can be congenital or a result of disease, poor posture, or unequal pull of skeletal muscles on the spine. Types are scoliosis, kyphosis/hunchback, lordosis/swayback.
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| Scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature of the thoracic vertebrae
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| Kyphosis/hunchback | exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic vertebrae; common in elderly women because of vertebrae fractures that occur in association with osteoporosis; sometimes called dowagers hump.
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| Lordosis/swayback | exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar vertebrae; common in obese men and pregnant women.
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| Structure of typical vertebrae | body/centrum, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen, spinous process, transverse processes
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| Body/centrum | anterior, disc-shaped, weight bearing portion of vertebra
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| Vertebral arch | posterior arch-shaped part of vertebra; laminae (sing. Lamina) are posterior portions of vertebral arch; spina bifida is failure of some laminae to completely fuse during fetal development, resulting in incompletely formed vertebral arches. Laminectomy
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| Vertebral foramen | opening between the body/centrum and vertebral arch; all the vertebral foramina combine to form the vertebral canal through which the spinal cord passes.
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| Processes that extend from the vertebral arch | spinous process, transverse process
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| Spinous process | single projection that extends posterioraly from the vertebral arch; the laminae lie at its base
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| Transverse process | two projections that extend laterally from the vertebral arch
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| Intervertebral foramina | holes between adjacent vertebrae through which spinal nerves pass.
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| Types of vertebrae | cervical vertebrae, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx.
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| Cervical vertebrae | 7 of them; located in cervical region; are relatively small; transverse processes have transverse foramina through which the vertebral arteries course in route to the brain.
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| Atlas | 1st vertebrae; articulates with occipital condyles to form a hinge type joint that allows flexion and extension of head to nod yes
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| Axis | 2nd vertebrae; has dens/odontoid process that articulate with the atlas to form the atlanto-axial joint which is a pivot type joint that allows rotation of head from side to side as in indicating “no”
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| Vertebra prominens | 7th cervical vertebra; derives from the fact that its relatively large spinous process can be readily seen and/or felt through the skin at the base of the posterior neck.
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| Thoracic vertebrae | 12 of them; larger than cervical vertebrae, but smaller than lumbar. Articulate with posterior end of ribs.
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| Lumbar vertebrae | 5 of them; have very thick bodies making them the sturdiest of the vertebrae which is expected since they do most of the weight supporting of the vertebral column.
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| Sacrum | triangular shaped bone that consists of five fused vertebrae; articulates laterally with the ilium of each hip bone to form the sacroiliac joints; the sacral promontory on the anterior, superior margin of the sacrum can hinder delivery.
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| Coccyx | consists on average of four fused vertebrae; commonly called the tailbone. Can hinder delivery.
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| Herniated/slipped/ruptured disc | intervertebral discs lose water w/ age so surrounding ligaments weaken; can cause disc to protrude posterolaterally from normal position & may press on spinal nerve roots extending from spinal cord, resulting in extreme pain and/or numbness
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