Brady 10th Terms
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| A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is gaining access to the alveoli. | ??V/Q ratio
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| The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis. | abdomen
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| Motion of a limb away from the midline. | abduction
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| The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly. | acetabulum
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| The firm prominence in the upper part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage. It is more prominent in men than in women. | Adam's apple
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| Motion of a limb toward the midline. | adduction
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| The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy. | adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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| Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. | adrenal glands
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| Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (such as adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response). The term also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine, that is, the adrenergic receptors. | adrenergic
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| Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen. | aerobic metabolism
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| Slow, shallow, irregular respirations or occasional gasping breaths; sometimes seen in dying patients. | agonal respirations
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| Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels. | alpha-adrenergic receptors
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| The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. | alveoli
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| The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principle product is lactic acid. | anaerobic metabolism
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| The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward. | anatomic position
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| The front surface of the body; the side facing you in the standard anatomic position. | anterior
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| The main artery that receives blood from the left ventricle and delivers it to all the other arteries that carry blood to the tissues of the body. | aorta
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| The pointed extremity of a conical structure. | apex (plural apices)
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| Portion of the pons that increases the length of inspiration and decreases the respiratory rate. | apneustic center
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| The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle. | appendicular skeleton
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| A small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. | appendix
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| The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries. | arterioles
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| One of two (right and left) upper chambers of the heart. The right atrium receives blood from the vena cava and delivers it to the right ventricle. The left atrium receives blood from pulmonary veins and delivers it to the left ventricle. | atrium
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| The part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and sweating. | autonomic nervous system
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| The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage. | axial skeleton
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| A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending. | ball-and-socket joint
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| Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation. | beta-adrenergic receptors
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| The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus. | biceps
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| A body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline. | bilateral
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| The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine. | bile ducts
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| The pressure of circulating blood against the walls of the arteries. | blood pressure
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| The major vessel in the upper extremity that supplies blood to the arm. | brachial artery
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| The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment. | brain
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| The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration. | brain stem
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| The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood. | capillary vessels
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| The heart muscle. | cardiac muscle
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| The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain. | carotid artery
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| The support structure of the skeletal system that provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear. | cartilage
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| The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens. | cecum
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| The brain and spinal cord. | central nervous system (CNS)
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| One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the "little brain"; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements. | cerebellum
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| Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges. | cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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| The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the "gray matter"; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality. | cerebrum
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| The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck. | cervical spine
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| Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting. | chordae tendineae
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| The name of the substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids. | chyme
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| The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body. | circulatory system
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| The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula. | clavicle
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| The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone. | coccyx
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| An imaginary plane where the body is cut into front and back parts. | coronal plane
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| The area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull. The cranium contains the brain. | cranium
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| A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx. | cricoid cartilage
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| A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx. | cricothyroid membrane
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| The portion of the tidal volume that does not reach the alveoli and thus does not participate in gas exchange. | dead space
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| Further inside the body and away from the skin. | deep
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| The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels. | dermis
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| A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs. | diaphragm
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| The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles. | diastole
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| A process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. | diffusion
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| The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body. | digestion
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| Farther from the trunk or nearer to the free end of the extremity. | distal
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| The posterior surface of the body, including the back of the hand. | dorsal
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| A portion of the medulla oblongata where the primary respiratory pacemaker is found. | dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
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| The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals. | dorsalis pedis artery
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| The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones. | endocrine system
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| Catalysts designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions. | enzymes
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| The outer layer of skin that acts as a watertight protective covering. | epidermis
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| A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering. | epiglottis
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| A substance produced by the body (commonly called adrenaline), and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction. | epinephrine
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| A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; contractions of the muscle in the wall of the esophagus propel food and liquids through it to the stomach. | esophagus
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| The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL. | expiratory reserve volume
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| To straighten. | extend
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| The straightening of a joint. | extension
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| The tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum. | fallopian tubes
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| The principal artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area. | femoral artery
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| The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint. | femoral head
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| The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body. | femur
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| To bend. | flex
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| The bending of a joint. | flexion
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| A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord. | foramen magnum
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| A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct. | gallbladder
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| The reproductive system in males and females. | genital system
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| The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed. | germinal layer
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| A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint. | greater trochanter
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| The small organs that produce hair. | hair follicles
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| A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. | heart
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| The number of heartbeats during a specific time. | heart rate
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| A protective mechanism that terminates inhalation, thus preventing overexpansion of the lungs. | Hering-Breuer reflex
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| Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane. | hinge joints
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| Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism. Hormones regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature. | hormones
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| The supporting bone of the upper arm. | humerus
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| The pressure of water against the walls of its container. | hydrostatic pressure
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| A "backup system" to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood. | hypoxic drive
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| One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring. | ilium
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| The part of the body or any body part nearer to the feet. | inferior
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| One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart. | inferior vena cava
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| The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume. | inspiratory reserve volume
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| The space in between the cells. | interstitial space
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| The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body. | involuntary muscle
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| One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring. | ischium
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| The place where two bones come into contact. | joint
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| The fibrous sac that encloses a joint. | joint capsule
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| Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body's salt and water content. | kidneys
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| Breathing that requires greater than normal effort; may be slower or faster than normal and usually requires the use of accessory muscles. | labored breathing
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| A metabolic end product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen. | lactic acid
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| The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste. | large intestine
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| In anatomy, parts of the body that lie farther from the midline. Also called outer structures. | lateral
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| The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur. | lesser trochanter
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| A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint. | ligament
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| A large solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses. | liver
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| The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine. | lumbar spine
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| The bone of the lower jaw. | mandible
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| The upper quarter of the sternum. | manubrium
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| The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth. | maxillae
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| Parts of the body that lie closer to the midline; also called inner structures. | medial
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| Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing. | medulla oblongata
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| The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness. | midbrain
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| An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor. | midsagittal plane (midline)
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| The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute minus the dead space. Also called minute ventilation. | minute volume
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| Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body. | motor nerves
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| The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body. | mucous membranes
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| The opaque, sticky secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings. | mucus
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| The bones and voluntary muscles of the body. | musculoskeletal system
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| The heart muscle. | myocardium
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| The nasal cavity; formed by the union of facial bones and protects the respiratory tract from contaminants. | nasopharynx
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| The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary. | nervous system
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| A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties. | norepinephrine
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| The most posterior portion of the cranium. | occiput
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| The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins. | oncotic pressure
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| The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma. | orbit
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| Forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity, which is bordered superiorly by the hard and soft palates, laterally by the cheeks, and inferiorly by the tongue. | oropharynx
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| The primary female reproductive organs that produce an ovum, or egg, that, if fertilized, will develop into a fetus. | ovaries
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| The forward facing part of the hand in the anatomic position. | palmar
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| A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin. | pancreas
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| A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary, vegetative functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine. | parasympathetic nervous system
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| The areas between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium. | parietal regions
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| The kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle. | patella
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| The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease. | pathophysiology
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| Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet current needs of the cells. | perfusion
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| The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. These peripheral nerves may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves. | peripheral nervous system
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| The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents. | peristalsis
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| The bottom surface of the foot. | plantar
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| A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion. | plasma
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| Tiny, disk-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding. | platelets
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| The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space. | pleura
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| The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura. It is described as "potential" because under normal conditions, the space does not exist. | pleural space
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| A portion of the pons that assists in creating shorter, faster respirations. | pneumotaxic (pontine) center
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| An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center. | pons
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| In anatomy, the back surface of the body; the side away from you in the standard anatomic position. | posterior
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| The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot. | posterior tibial artery
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| A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid. | prostate gland
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| Closer to the trunk. | proximal
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| A hard bony prominence that is found in the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen. | pubic symphysis
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| One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring. | pubis
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| The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; it carries oxygen-poor blood. | pulmonary artery
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| The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation. | pulmonary circulation
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| The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. | pulmonary veins
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| The pressure wave that occurs as each heartbeat causes a surge in the blood circulating through the arteries. | pulse
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| The way to describe the sections of the abdominal cavity. Imagine two lines intersecting at the umbilicus dividing the abdomen into four equal areas. | quadrants
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| The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side. | radial artery
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| The bone on the thumb side of the forearm. | radius
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| The lowermost end of the colon. | rectum
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| Cells that carry oxygen to the body's tissues; also called erythrocytes. | red blood cells
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| A cone-shaped collecting area that connects the ureter and the kidney. | renal pelvis
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| The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration. | residual volume
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| The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide. | respiration
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| All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts. | respiratory system
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| Located in the upper brain stem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one's level of arousal. | reticular activating system
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| Behind the abdominal cavity. | retroperitoneal
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| The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column. | sacroiliac joint
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