A&P 2 - Young - Test 1 - Endocrine System
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| Chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them | autocrines
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| Chemicals that act locally but effect cell types other than those releasing them | paracrines
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| Ductless glands that produce hormones | endocrine glands
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| Ducted glands that produce nonhormonal substances such as sweat and saliva | exocrine glands
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| 3 categories of hormones | amino acid based, steroids, eicosanoids (usually eicosanoids are autocrines and paracrines)
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| Certain tissue a hormone effects | target cell
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| Maintaining relatively stable conditions in the extracellular fluid of the body | Homeostasis
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| 2 systems that control homeostasis | endocrine, nervous
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| Branch of nervous system involved in keeping homeostasis | ANS, Autonomic Nervous System
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| Lipid soluble, cholesterol based hormones | steroids
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| 2 eicosanoids | leukotrienes, prostaglandins
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| Eicosanoid that mediates inflammation and allergic reactions | leukotrienes
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| Eicosanoid that raises blood pressure, increases uterine contractions, and enhances clotting and inflammation | prostaglandins
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| Functions of hormones | - regulate metabolic process
- control rates of chemical reactions
- aid in transport of substances through membranes
- help regulate water and electrolyte balance
- vital role in reproductive process
- vital role in growth and development
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| Hormones are trans ported through the body by what? | blood
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| Hormones usually work under what type of feedback loop? | negative
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| Name an example of a hormone that works under a positive feedback loop | oxytocin
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| Hormones are eliminated by what 3 things? | target tissue, liver, kidneys
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| Stomach secretes what hormone? | gastrin
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| Amino acid based hormone sources | pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal medulla, hypothalamus
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| Steroid hormone sources | adrenal cortex, gonads, thyroid gland
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| 5 mechanisms of hormone action | - alter plasma membrane permaeability or electrical state by opening or closing ion channels
- stimulate enzyme formation
- activates or deactivates enzymes
- induces secretory activity
- stimulates mitosis
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| Who won a nobel prize for his work on second messengers? | E Sutherland
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| Second messenger system steps | 1)hormone binds to receptor
2)receptor binds a G protein which when activated activates adenylate cyclase enzyme in turn
3)adenylate cyclase enzyme converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP)
4)cAMP activates protein kinases which cause phosporylation of prote
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| What is the "Second Messenger" in second messenger sytems? | cyclic AMP (cAMP)
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| Direct Gene Activation steps | 1)Steroid hormone enters cell
2)binds to intracellular receptor
3)receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus and activates gene
4)gene prompts formation of mRNA which directs the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes
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| G protein is activated when? | (GDP) guanosine diphosphate is diplaced by (GTP) guanosine triphosphate
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| Enzymes that phosphorylate various proteins | protein kinases
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| Intracellular enzyme that degrades cAMP | phosphodiesterase
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| Converts ATP to cAMP | adenylate cyclase
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| ACTH | adrenocorticotropic hormone aka corticotropin
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| target cells forming more receptors in response to rising blood levels of a specific hormone | up-regulation (opposite is down regulation)
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| Length of time for a hormone's blood level to decrease by half | half-life
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| 3 types of hormone interaction (with another hormone) | permissiveness, synergism, antagonism
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| 3 types of endocrine gland stimuli | 1)humoral 2)neural 3)hormonal
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| PTH | Parathyroid Hormone
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| Another name for the pituitary gland | hypophysis
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| The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is composed of | pituicytes (glia-like supporting cells) and nerve fibers
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| Other names for the pituitary posterior lobe | neurohypophysis, pars nervosa
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| Other names for the pituitary anterior lobe | adenohypophysis, pars distalis
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| Connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior lobe of the pituitary? | hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
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| The pituatary gland is located where? | the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
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| Anterior Lobe of the pituitary gland is derived from what? | Rathkes pouch
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| Anterior Lobe of the pituitary gland secretes what six hormones? | hGH, PRL, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
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| ADH | antidiuretic hormone aka vasopressin
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| Paraventricular Nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize? | Oxytocin
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| Supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize? | ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
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| What is the Hypophyseal Portal System? | vascular connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary lobe
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| 3 parts of the Hypophyseal Portal System? | Primary Capillary Plexus, Hypophyseal Portal Veins, Secondary Capillary Plexus
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| Hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands | tropins or tropic hormones
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| Somatotrophs secrete | hGH
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| Lactotrophs (aka Mammatrophs) secrete | PRL
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| GHRH | Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone
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| GHIH | Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone
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| GHRH & GHIH are secreted from where? | Hypothalamus
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| Hypersecretion of hGH in children results in | Gigantism
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| Hypersecretion of hGH in adults results in | Acromegaly
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| Hyposecretion of hGH in children results in | Pituitary Dwarfism
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| TSH | Thyroid-stimulating hormone or Thyrotropin
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| Thryotrophs in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete | TSH
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| TRH | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
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| TRH is secreted from where? | Hypothalamus
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| ACTH is secreted by what cells? | Corticotrophs
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| ACTH acts on what to produce what? | Adrenal Cortex, to release corticosteroid hormones most specifically glucocorticoids that help the body resist stressors
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| CRH | corticotropin-releasing hormone
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| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone
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| LH, or ICSH in males | Luteinizing hormone, Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone
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| FSH stimulates __________ production | gamete (sperm or egg)
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| LH promotes production of _______________ | gonadal hormones
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| GnRH | gonadotropin-releasing hormone
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| FSH and LH and secreted where | Gonadotrophs
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| PRL | Prolactin
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| PIH | Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (dopamine)
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| Hyposecretion of TSH results in | Cretinism in children, myxedema in adults
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| Hyperthyroidism | Grave's Disease
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| Condition due to lack of ADH | Diabetes Insipidus
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| ADH is produced by supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus when? | when the solute concentration of the ECF is above 300 mosm per liter
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| Causes milk ejection from the breasts by way of the "letdown" reflex | Oxytocin
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| Synthetic oxytocin given to induce labor | Pitocin
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| TH | Thyroid hormone
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| TH is made up of what 2 iodine-containing amine hormones? | T3 & T4
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| T3 is? | Triiodothyronine
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| T4 is? | Thyroxine
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| The thyroid gland has 2 lobes connected by what? | Isthmus
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| Calcitonin is secreted where? | Parafollicular cells (C-cells) of the thyroid gland
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