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A&P 2 - Endocrine
A&P 2 - Young - Test 1 - Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them | autocrines |
| Chemicals that act locally but effect cell types other than those releasing them | paracrines |
| Ductless glands that produce hormones | endocrine glands |
| Ducted glands that produce nonhormonal substances such as sweat and saliva | exocrine glands |
| 3 categories of hormones | amino acid based, steroids, eicosanoids (usually eicosanoids are autocrines and paracrines) |
| Certain tissue a hormone effects | target cell |
| Maintaining relatively stable conditions in the extracellular fluid of the body | Homeostasis |
| 2 systems that control homeostasis | endocrine, nervous |
| Branch of nervous system involved in keeping homeostasis | ANS, Autonomic Nervous System |
| Lipid soluble, cholesterol based hormones | steroids |
| 2 eicosanoids | leukotrienes, prostaglandins |
| Eicosanoid that mediates inflammation and allergic reactions | leukotrienes |
| Eicosanoid that raises blood pressure, increases uterine contractions, and enhances clotting and inflammation | prostaglandins |
| Functions of hormones | - regulate metabolic process - control rates of chemical reactions - aid in transport of substances through membranes - help regulate water and electrolyte balance - vital role in reproductive process - vital role in growth and development |
| Hormones are trans ported through the body by what? | blood |
| Hormones usually work under what type of feedback loop? | negative |
| Name an example of a hormone that works under a positive feedback loop | oxytocin |
| Hormones are eliminated by what 3 things? | target tissue, liver, kidneys |
| Stomach secretes what hormone? | gastrin |
| Amino acid based hormone sources | pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal medulla, hypothalamus |
| Steroid hormone sources | adrenal cortex, gonads, thyroid gland |
| 5 mechanisms of hormone action | - alter plasma membrane permaeability or electrical state by opening or closing ion channels - stimulate enzyme formation - activates or deactivates enzymes - induces secretory activity - stimulates mitosis |
| Who won a nobel prize for his work on second messengers? | E Sutherland |
| Second messenger system steps | 1)hormone binds to receptor 2)receptor binds a G protein which when activated activates adenylate cyclase enzyme in turn 3)adenylate cyclase enzyme converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP) 4)cAMP activates protein kinases which cause phosporylation of prote |
| What is the "Second Messenger" in second messenger sytems? | cyclic AMP (cAMP) |
| Direct Gene Activation steps | 1)Steroid hormone enters cell 2)binds to intracellular receptor 3)receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus and activates gene 4)gene prompts formation of mRNA which directs the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes |
| G protein is activated when? | (GDP) guanosine diphosphate is diplaced by (GTP) guanosine triphosphate |
| Enzymes that phosphorylate various proteins | protein kinases |
| Intracellular enzyme that degrades cAMP | phosphodiesterase |
| Converts ATP to cAMP | adenylate cyclase |
| ACTH | adrenocorticotropic hormone aka corticotropin |
| target cells forming more receptors in response to rising blood levels of a specific hormone | up-regulation (opposite is down regulation) |
| Length of time for a hormone's blood level to decrease by half | half-life |
| 3 types of hormone interaction (with another hormone) | permissiveness, synergism, antagonism |
| 3 types of endocrine gland stimuli | 1)humoral 2)neural 3)hormonal |
| PTH | Parathyroid Hormone |
| Another name for the pituitary gland | hypophysis |
| The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is composed of | pituicytes (glia-like supporting cells) and nerve fibers |
| Other names for the pituitary posterior lobe | neurohypophysis, pars nervosa |
| Other names for the pituitary anterior lobe | adenohypophysis, pars distalis |
| Connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior lobe of the pituitary? | hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract |
| The pituatary gland is located where? | the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone |
| Anterior Lobe of the pituitary gland is derived from what? | Rathkes pouch |
| Anterior Lobe of the pituitary gland secretes what six hormones? | hGH, PRL, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH |
| ADH | antidiuretic hormone aka vasopressin |
| Paraventricular Nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize? | Oxytocin |
| Supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize? | ADH (antidiuretic hormone) |
| What is the Hypophyseal Portal System? | vascular connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary lobe |
| 3 parts of the Hypophyseal Portal System? | Primary Capillary Plexus, Hypophyseal Portal Veins, Secondary Capillary Plexus |
| Hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands | tropins or tropic hormones |
| Somatotrophs secrete | hGH |
| Lactotrophs (aka Mammatrophs) secrete | PRL |
| GHRH | Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone |
| GHIH | Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone |
| GHRH & GHIH are secreted from where? | Hypothalamus |
| Hypersecretion of hGH in children results in | Gigantism |
| Hypersecretion of hGH in adults results in | Acromegaly |
| Hyposecretion of hGH in children results in | Pituitary Dwarfism |
| TSH | Thyroid-stimulating hormone or Thyrotropin |
| Thryotrophs in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete | TSH |
| TRH | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone |
| TRH is secreted from where? | Hypothalamus |
| ACTH is secreted by what cells? | Corticotrophs |
| ACTH acts on what to produce what? | Adrenal Cortex, to release corticosteroid hormones most specifically glucocorticoids that help the body resist stressors |
| CRH | corticotropin-releasing hormone |
| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone |
| LH, or ICSH in males | Luteinizing hormone, Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone |
| FSH stimulates __________ production | gamete (sperm or egg) |
| LH promotes production of _______________ | gonadal hormones |
| GnRH | gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
| FSH and LH and secreted where | Gonadotrophs |
| PRL | Prolactin |
| PIH | Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (dopamine) |
| Hyposecretion of TSH results in | Cretinism in children, myxedema in adults |
| Hyperthyroidism | Grave's Disease |
| Condition due to lack of ADH | Diabetes Insipidus |
| ADH is produced by supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus when? | when the solute concentration of the ECF is above 300 mosm per liter |
| Causes milk ejection from the breasts by way of the "letdown" reflex | Oxytocin |
| Synthetic oxytocin given to induce labor | Pitocin |
| TH | Thyroid hormone |
| TH is made up of what 2 iodine-containing amine hormones? | T3 & T4 |
| T3 is? | Triiodothyronine |
| T4 is? | Thyroxine |
| The thyroid gland has 2 lobes connected by what? | Isthmus |
| Calcitonin is secreted where? | Parafollicular cells (C-cells) of the thyroid gland |
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