Muscular System Review
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| List 4 functions of skeletal muscle | movement, posture heat production, joint stability
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| List 4 characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue | excitability-ability to receive and respond to stimulus
contractility- ability to shorten or compact
extensibility- ability to stretch or lengthen
elasticity- ability to return to its original shape and length
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| endomysium | connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle cell/fiber
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| perimysium | layer of connective tissue that surrounds the fasciculus (bundle of cells)
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| epimysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle
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| acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter. A chemical substance that is released at the axon terminals of many neurons to carry the impulse across a synaptic cleft
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| tendon | a band of dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bones
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| aponeurosis | a sheet of tendon like material, serves as an attachment for muscle to bone and other tissue
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| origin | end of a muscle that is attached to a bone that is stationary; the end Opposite the insertion
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| insertion | the end of a muscle that is attached to a bone or cartilage that moves; the end opposite the origin
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| What happens during contraction | muscle fiber gets shorter and thicker
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| What happens to muscle fiber during relaxation | they get longer and thinner
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| How do skeletal muscles move bones | by pulling on the bones; they never push
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| flexion (to bend) | decreasing angle between 2 bones
Bending elbow or knee
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| extension (to straighten) | increasing angle between 2 bones
straightening elbow or knee
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| abduction (take away) | to move a bone or limb away from the midline or axis of the body
"jumping jacks"
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| adduction (bring together) | moves a bone or limb toward the midline of the body.
arms back to side of body
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| rotation | movement of bone around its own axis in a pivot joint
"shaking head no"
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| dorsiflexion | backward bending of the foot (toes up)
"standing on heels"
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| plantar flexion | pointing sole of foot downward
"standing on toes"
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| pronation | facing downward (hand-palm down/inferior)
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| supination | facing upward (hand-palm up/superior)
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| hyperextension | extreme or abnormal extension (extension of knee with plantar flexion)
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| circumduction | conelike circular movement of a body segment
movement of arm at shoulder joint with elbow extended; finger tips move in a circle
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| orbicularis oculi | circular muscle around the eyes
closes the lid
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| zygomaticus | extends diagonally from the corner of the mouth to the cheekbone
elevates corners of mouth for smiling
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| buccinator | horizontal cheek muscle
compresses cheek for blowing; trumpeter's muscle
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| masseter | covers lateral aspect of the jaw
closes the mouth, elevates mandible
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| pectoralis major | large fan-shaped muscle that covers the anterior chest
adducts the arm across chest
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| deltoid | thick muscle that forms contour of the shoulder
flexes, abducts, extends arm
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| biceps brachii | major muscle in the anterior compartment of arm; has 2 heads
flexes and supinates/flexes elbow
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| triceps brachii | only muscle in posterior compartment of arm; has 3 heads
extends elbow
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| rectus abdominis | long, straight muscle on each side of the linea alba
compresses abdomen and flexes trunk
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| gluteus maximus | largest gluteal muscle/buttocks
extends thigh
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| quadricep group | group of 4 muscle that form the mass of the anterior thigh; forms a common tendon that passes over patella
extends knee, flexes thigh
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| name 4 quadricep muscles | rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
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| hamstring group | large muscle in the posterior thigh
flexes leg and extends thigh
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| name 3 hamstring muscles | biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
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| gastrocnemius | superficial muscle on the posterior surface of leg; forms curve of calf
flexes knee/points toes
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| atrophy | a decrease in size of muscle fibers or a wasting away of muscles from poor nutrition, lack of use, motor unit dysfunction, or lack of motor nerve impulses
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| isometric | muscle contraction without movement
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| cramp (spasm) | increase in muscle tension with or without shortening due to excessive motor nerve activity may result in a knot; often associated with mineral deficiency or muscle fatigue
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| myositis | inflammation of voluntary muscle
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| sprain | trauma to a joint with injury to ligaments and/or tendons
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| strain | "overstretched muscle" commonly called a pull, an injury of a muscle or tendon due to a violent contraction, forced stretching
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| tic | an involuntary twitching of a muscle
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| twitch | muscle contraction from a single stimulus
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| paralysis | loss of sensation/voluntary movement, may be temporary or permanent
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| hemiplegia | paralysis on on side of the body
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| paraplegia | paralysis of the lower extremities and any degree of trunk
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| quadriplegia | paralysis of all four extremities
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| paresis | partial paralysis
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| what is muscular dystrophy | chronic progressive muscle disorder, causes progressive muscle weakness and atrophy
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| what is myasthenia gravis | neuromuscular disorder caused by not enough acetylcholine. Starts in face
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| what muscles does myasthenia gravis affect | eye (ptyosis); mastication; pharyngeal; respiratory
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| signs and symptoms of myasthenia gravis | drooping facial muscles; drooping upper eyelids; double vision; drooping throat; difficulty chewing or swallowing; slurred speech
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| what is polymositis | inflammatory disease of multiple skeletal muscles; pain, weakness, chronic
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| what is rhabdomyoma | striated muscular tissue tumor
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| muscle biopsy | removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination
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| EMG | electromyogram; recording of muscular reactions when given electrical stimulation
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| IM | intramuscular
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| sternocleidomastoid | straplike muscle that ascends obliquely over neck
laterally flexes and rotates head
sternum, clavicle, mastoid attachment
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